AP Biology Study Guide for the FINAL 2025

Matter

• has mass.

• All of the choices are correct.

• occupies space.

• is what life is composed of

• is composed of elements.

Which of the following elements is Not one of the six most common in living organisms?

• carbon

• oxygen

• iron

• nitrogen

• hydrogen

The characteristic way in which atoms of an element react is most related to the

• number of electrons in the outermost shell

• number of electrons in the innermost shell

• number of neutrons in the outermost shell

• number of neutrons in the nucleus

• size of the nucleus

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10. An orbital is best described as

• the electron shell closest to the nucleus.

• the outermost electron shell of an atom.

• the volume of space in which electrons are most often found.

• the original energy level of electrons in photosynthesis.

An atom, such as calcium, which has two electrons in the outer shell, would most likely

• share to acquire a complete outer shell.

• lose these two electrons and become a negatively charged ion.

• lose these two electrons and become a positively charged ion.

• bind with carbon by way of hydrogen bonds.

• bind with another calcium to satisfy its energy needs.

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In which of these are the electrons shared unequally?

• double covalent bond

• triple covalent bond

• hydrogen bond

• polar covalent bond

• ionic and covalent bonds

What makes a molecule polar?

• Equal sharing of valence electrons
• Unequal sharing of valence electrons
• Stealing of electrons
• Temporary charges that come and go

Covalently bonded molecules are made of atoms that

• share electorns
• shoot their electrons out into space
• move their electrons to the nucleus of the atom
• give electrons to and accept electrons from each other

Because water has a positively charged end and a negatively charged end, it can be described as

• amphipathic
• hydrophobic
• polar
• nonpolar

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Water molecules require a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds.  This gives water a high

• density
• polarity
• solvency
• specific heat

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