15.4 - The Fourteenth Amendment

Judges apply the substantial relationship test when reviewing cases that involve

• racial discrimination.

• discrimination based on age.

• gender discrimination.

• descrimination based on employment status.

When do judges apply the strict scrutiny test during judicial review?

• whenever the law treats some people differently than others

• when the law discriminates based on gender

• when the law discriminates based on age

• when the law discriminates based on race, national origin, or citizenship status

During judicial review, which test do judges apply when the people being discriminated against are not part of a historically mistreated group?

• rational basis

• incorporation doctrine

• substantial relationship

• strict scrutiny

How does the equal protection clause protect individual rights and limit the powers of government?

• It ensures that government cannot draw unreasonable distinctions between groups of people.

• It requires law enforcement to follow the same procedures in all cases.

• It requires a close connection between the laws and their purpose.

• It ensures the Bill of Rights applies in all states.

Jim Crow laws were enacted in response to the

• Dred Scott decision.

• Blaine Amendment.

• Fourteenth Amendment.

• incorporation doctrine.

In Dred Scott v. Sanford, the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott could not sue in federal court because

• Scott was not a free man.

• state, not federal, courts had jurisdiction in cases involving slaves.

• African Americans were not U.S. citizens.

• Sanford was not a free man.

Native Americans were granted U.S. citizenship in

• 1868, with the Fourteenth Amendment.

• 1887, with the Dawes Act.

• 1896, with the Plessy decision.

• 1924, with the Indian Citizenship Act.

The Fourteenth Amendment

• guarantees equal protection of the laws.

• outlaws slavery.

• says the right to vote could not be restricted based on race or color.

• grants African Americans all the rights enjoyed by white citizens.

Unlike procedural due process, substantive due process requires fairness in

• the legal process.

• the laws themselves.

• discriminating between different groups of people.

• the judicial review process.

In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court overturned a state law that

• denied due process to juveniles accused of crimes.

• criminalized marriage between people of different races.

• established segregation based on race.

• criminalized marriage between people of different genders.