Linguistic Theory

Who conducted the Milton Keynes study on koineization?

• Kerswill and Williams

• William Labov

• Milroy

• Howard Giles

What did the Milton Keynes Study observe about children's language?

• Children develop social identity quickly.

• Children do not converge towards simple forms.

• Children prefer marked regional forms.

• Children have a strong attachment to their caregivers throughout adolescence.

What did Labov's 1966 New York Study focus on?

• Use of dialect maps.

• Frequency of use of the prestige variable final -r

• the omission of the initial -h sound

• The exaggeration of speech tendencies.

What did the small group of fishermen in Martha's Vineyard study aim to establish?

• Themselves as an independent social group with superior status.

• A new language.

• Themselves as a subordinate social group.

• A connection with summer visitors.

What does Ian Cushing's study on the Word Gap in England's social policy discuss?

• The use of the prestige variable final -r with the level of formality and social class.

• Identified 11 non-standard features and measured their frequency of use in boys and girls.

• How word gap ideologies and interventions are tethered to colonial logics.

• A small group of fishermen exaggerated a tendency in their speech.

What does the Exchange Structure Theory by Couthard, Sinclair and Brazil focus on?

• Maxims of quality, relevance, manner, quantity

• Speech functions - illocutionary, perlocutionary, locutionary

• Adjacency pairs, three-part structures

• Positive/negative politeness

What is the main idea of Frame and Schema Theory by Goffman, Minsky and Gumperz?

• Positive/negative politeness

• maxims of quality, relevance, quantity, manner

• Using contextual clues to perform a 'script' or mental set of conversations

• Speech functions, illocutionary, perlocutionary, locutionary

What is included in the Co-operative Principle?

• Quality, quantity, relevance, manner

• Positive/negative politeness

• Tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy

• Upward/downward convergence, divergence

According to Fishman in 1990, how does the average time a man speaks compare to a woman in mixed company?

• A man will speak half as much as a woman

• A man will speak the same amount as a woman

• A man will speak twice as much as a woman

• A man will speak three times as much as a woman

What did Fishman find in 1978 regarding topic initiation?

• Men initiate 62% of topics

• men and women initiate topics equally

• Women initiate 62% of topics

• Children initiate 62% of topics