What marked the beginning of the scientific revolution?

• The fall of the Roman Empire

• The discovery of America

• The independence of science from philosophy and religion

• The Renaissance

Which factors played a significant role in the transformations observed in Europe during the Middle Ages?

• War and urban expansion

• Agricultural advancements

• The Black Death

• Trade with Asia

What was the main obstacle to the progress of scientific knowledge in early European universities?

• Political instability

• Language barriers

• Aristotelian thought

• Lack of funding

Who proposed that philosophy could be useful as long as religious authorities could prohibit heretical ideas?

• Galileo Galilei

• Thomas Aquinas

• Roger Bacon

• Isaac Newton

What was Francis Bacon's significant contribution to scientific methodology?

• Deductive reasoning

• Empirical observation

• Mathematical modeling

• Inductive reasoning

Which method did René Descartes believe should be the foundation of science?

• Deductive reasoning

• Experimental method

• Empirical observation

• Inductive reasoning

What was Galileo Galilei's approach to challenging Aristotelian philosophy?

• Philosophical arguments

• Mathematical proofs

• Empirical evidence

• Religious doctrine

What did Isaac Newton's work synthesize?

• Philosophy and religion

• Theology and natural philosophy

• Alchemy and physics

• Mechanics, cosmology, and the mathematization of nature

Which of the following was NOT part of Newton's proposed recipe for the pursuit of knowledge?

• Equal qualities for different bodies must be considered universal

• Never accept unnecessary explanations

• Causes must be proportionate to the effects

• Conclusions must be based on deductive reasoning

What does Newton's interest in alchemy and biblical studies exemplify?

• The scientific method's limitations

• The success of alchemical practices

• The persistence of supernatural beliefs

• The integration of science and religion