CFA 3 2024-2025

A research group is studying the effects of orexin, a neurotransmitter that is produced in the hypothalamus. Because orexin is known to regulate many processes, the group wants to investigate whether orexin helps maintain body temperature in the way shown in the diagram.

Which procedure could provide evidence that orexin has the effects shown in the diagram?

Please see diagram 1 (Maintaing Body Temperature) in your handout.

• comparing body temperatures of active individuals who produce normal and low levels of orexin

• comparing body temperatures of resting individuals who produce normal and low levels of orexin

• comparing body temperatures of active individuals and resting individuals who produce low levels of orexin

• comparing body temperatures of active individuals and resting individuals who produce normal levels of orexin

Tags

HS-LS1-A-1

A research group is studying the effects of orexin, a neurotransmitter that is produced in the hypothalamus. Because orexin is known to regulate many processes, the group wants to investigate whether orexin helps maintain body temperature in the way shown in the diagram.

Which type of feedback is shown in both loops in the diagram?

Please see Diagram 1 (Maintaining Body Temperature) on your handout.

• The loops show positive feedback because changes in orexin levels are beneficial to body temperature.

• The loops show positive feedback because orexin level increases when body temperature increases.

• The loops show negative feedback because changes in orexin levels result in normal body temperature

• The loops show negative feedback because orexin level decreases when body temperature decreases.

Tags

HS-LS1-A-1

The students want to use the diagram to understand how organisms produce cytochrome c. Which question should the students ask?

Use Information and Diagram 2 (Cytochrome C) on your handout.

• Are organisms always producing proteins?

• Do different organisms produce different proteins?

• How do organisms use energy to produce proteins?

• What information do organisms use to produce proteins?

Tags

HS-LS3-A

Which statement describes the relationship between DNA and cytochrome c?

Use Information and Diagram 2 (Cytochrome C) on your handout.

• The order of genes in a DNA molecule determines the structure of the protein.

• The order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule determines the structure of the protein.

• The number of genes in a DNA molecule determines which proteins will be produced.

• The number of nucleotides in a DNA molecule determines which proteins will be produced.

Tags

HS-LS3-A

Based on the diagrams, which action could the student take to collect data about whether water can break the plaster rock like the mountain rock?

Use the information and diagram 3 (Mountain Rock) on your handout.

• Put the plaster rock under running water so that water can erode the rock.

• Put the plaster rock in a bucket of water so that water can dissolve the rock.

• Put the plaster rock in an oven so that water can evaporate inside the balloon.

• Put the plaster rock in the freezer so that water can expand inside the balloon.

Tags

HS-ESS2-C-1

How could the investigation in the last question provide evidence of the natural process that caused changes in the mountain rock?

Use the information and diagram 3 (Mountain Rock) on your handout.

• When water freezes inside the balloon, the volume of the water increases, which applies pressure that cracks the plaster rock.

• When water evaporates inside the balloon, the volume of the water decreases, which applies pressure that cracks the plaster rock.

• When water flows over the plaster rock, water flows into cracks in the rock, which applies pressure that erodes small pieces of the rock

• When water surrounds the plaster rock, water flows into the cracks in the rock, which applies pressure that dissolves the rock into small pieces.

Tags

HS-ESS2-C-1

Some students work at a local aquarium. One of their tasks is to care for mollusks and corals in ocean water in a tank at the aquarium. The students need to make sure that the ocean water has the right balance of calcium ions (Ca2+) and carbonate ions (CO3 2-) that the mollusks and corals need to build their shells and skeletons. To do this, the students need to ensure that calcium and carbonate ions are continuously added to the ocean water in the tank. The students know that ocean water contains calcium carbonate, which naturally breaks down into calcium and carbonate ions. The equilibrium relationship between the components in the water is shown in the equation to the left.

The students decide to test the equilibrium relationships in the equation. With ocean water as an input, the students remove calcium ions (Ca2+) as the ions form in the water in the tank. The students observe that as they remove calcium ions, more calcium ions form in the tank. They realize that this is an example of Le Chatelier’s principle that describes the equilibrium relationships in the water. The people who work at the aquarium tell the students that ocean water contains carbon dioxide (CO2) and that increasing amounts of CO2 in ocean water can cause some of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the shells and skeletons of ocean organisms to dissolve. The students want to solve this problem by decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in ocean water.

Which option below describes one way students could decrease the amount of CO2 in ocean water by applying Le Chatelier’s principle.

• Decrease the amount of CO₃^2-   from the products.

• Decrease the amount of CaCO₃ from the reactants.

• Decrease the amount of H₂O from the reactants.

• Increase the amount of Ca²⁺ from the products

Tags

HS-ESS2-C

HS-PS1-B-2

A student who is interested in nuclear fusion finds an article on the first successful detonation of a nuclear fusion bomb. The student wants to use a model of nuclear fusion to show the process that occurs inside bombs. Which model could the student use?

Use Diagram 4 in your handout to answer this question.

• A

• B

• C

• D

Tags

HS-PS1-C-1

Which statement about nuclear processes is supported by the models?

Use Diagram 4 in your handout to answer this question.

• During nuclear processes, the total number of atoms is conserved.

• During nuclear processes, the total number of protons is conserved.

• During nuclear processes, the total number of neutrons is conserved.

• During nuclear processes, the total number of neutrons and protons is conserved

Tags

HS-PS1-C-1

Which description of the gravitational force in the models is supported by the equation?

Use the information and diagram 5 (Gravitational Force) in your handout to answer this question

• The gravitational force between the objects in Model 2 is one-fifth the gravitational force between the objects in Model 1.

• The gravitational force between the objects in Model 2 is one-half the gravitational force between the objects in Model 1.

• The gravitational force between the objects in Model 2 is twice the gravitational force between the objects in Model 1.

• The gravitational force between the objects in Model 2 is five times the gravitational force between the objects in Model 1.

Tags

HS-PS2-B-1