LEAD Presentation (Week 10)

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• To describe a particular person, place, or thing

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• IDENTIFICATION: Identifies the person, place, or thing to be described

• DESCRIPTION: Describes parts, qualities, characteristics

SIGNIFICANT LANGUAGE / GRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on specific rather than generic participants

• Using simple present tense

• Using verbs of being and having

• Using descriptive adjectives to build up long nominal group

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• A non-factual text used in a variety of modes to amuse, entertain, and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways.

• Stories deal with events that are problematic and which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind.

• Unlike exemplum, the significance of the events lies in the manner of their construction in the text (how the story is told).

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• ORIENTATION: Sketches in or creates the “possible world” of the particular story

• COMPLICATION: A series of events during which some sort of complication or problem arise

• RESOLUTION: An answer for complication or problem

SIGNIFICANT LANGUAGE / GRAMMATICAL FEATURES

• Focus on specific participants

• Use of past tense

• Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances

• Use of material (or action) processes

• Use of relational, verbal and mental processes

• Dialogue often included, during which the tense may change to the present or future

• Descriptive language chosen to enhance and develop the story by creating images in the reader’s mind

• Can be written in the first person (I, we) or third person (he, she, they)

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

•To retell events for the purpose of informing

• Events are usually arranged in a temporal sequence.

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• ORIENTATION: Information on the context of the recount

• RECORD OF EVENTS: A record of events in a temporal sequence

• REORIENTATION: Closure of events

• CODA: Comment on events

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Focus on specific participants

• Use of past tense

• Verbs of action

• Use of temporal connectives to indicate sequence of events

• Circumstances of time and place

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• GOAL: Name of the set of steps to be carried out

• MATERIALS: List of materials needed

• List of steps to be followed

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Focus on generalized human agents (often implicit)

• Sequence of events marked either explicitly by temporal connectives, or numbering of points, or implicitly by ordering of steps on the page

• Use of imperatives and verbs of action

• Use of conditional “if” to indicate alternative paths of action

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• To provide information about natural and non-natural phenomena

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• TITLE: Indicates topic

• GENERAL STATEMENT: Introduces the topic

• DESCRIPTION: Provides details of topic such as physical appearance, behavior, landforms, and uses (typically organized in paragraphs)

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Focus on generic participants (human and nonhuman)

• Use of present simple tense to indicate ‘timeless’ nature of information

• Some technical vocabulary

• Use of long nominal groups to compact information

• Principally the use of verbs of being and having rather than action verbs

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident

• Deal with something unexpected or out of the ordinary

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• ABSTRACT: Signals the retelling of an unusual incident

• ORIENTATION: Sets the scene

• CRISIS: Provides details of the unusual incident

• REACTION: Reaction to crisis with ‘surge of affect’

• CODA: Concluding comment or reflection on the account

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Use of punctuation/layout to emphasize the significance of the account as well as the writer’s attitude

• Additive connectives

• Temporal connectives

• Causal connectives

• Verbs of action

• Verbs of thinking and feeling

• Use of words which reflect the writer’s attitude (exclamation, rhetorical questions, and intensifiers)

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered important

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• HEADLINE: Eye catching title

• SUMMARY: A summary recount of an important event

• BACKGROUND EVENTS: Elaboration of what happened, to whom, in what circumstances

• SOURCES: Comments by participants or authorities on the subject

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Use of short telegraphic information about story in headline

• Verbs of action to retell the story

• Use of verbs of thinking and feeling to give an insight into the participants’ reaction to events

• Verbs of saying to quote or report what participants and authorities said

• Focus on circumstances of time and place

• Focus on specific participants (frequently occurring at the beginning of sentences)

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• To give an account of how something works or reasons for some phenomenon

• To detail the processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or socio-cultural phenomena

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• General statement about phenomenon to position the reader

• A sequenced details of how or why something occurs

GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Generalized non-human participants (the wind, glaciers, computers, etc.)

• Time relationships (first, then, following, finally) especially in detailing how

• Cause and effect relationships (if/then, so, as a sequence, since) especially in detailing why

• Mainly action verbs (material process: fall, rises, changes)

• Some passives (is saturated, are changed, etc.)

• Timeless present tense (are, happens, turns)

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

•To take a position on some issue and justify it

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• THESIS: To introduce topic and indicate writer’s position in regard to the topic.

• Justification of the position taken; claims must be presented to support the writer’s position; writer may suggest some resolution of the issue

• SUMMING UP: To provide a restatement of writer’s position

GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Focus on generic human and non-human participants (pollution, crime, police, president, etc.)

• Use simple present tense (I don’t agree; It is serious)

• Use relational processes (being and having)

• Use internal conjunction to stage argument. (First……., second…….., finally……..)

• Reasoning through causal conjunction (so……, because…….., therefore)

(a)  

SOCIAL FUNCTION

• To evaluate the quality of a book, film, etc., with a view to inform and audience of potential readers, moviegoers, etc.

SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE

• TITLE: Eye catching heading to attract readers’ attention and arouse curiosity

• IDENTIFICATION: Identifies and evaluates that which is to be evaluated plus indicate what is to follow

• SUMMARY AND EVALUATION: Selective summary of content of work plus authors’ evaluative comments interspersed throughout the text

• EVALUATION OF WORK*: Author’s summarized opinion of value of work

• DETIALS OF WORK*: Details on the director, author, publisher, actors, etc. from the work

NOTE: *= optional

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMATICAL/LANGUAGE FEATURES

• Use of vocabulary items to indicate the writer’s attitude

• Present tense of verbs

• Specific participants

• Circumstances of manner, time, and place

• Frequent use of embedded clauses in long sentences

• Use of descriptive adjectives to build up long nominal group

(a)