WCM - Chpt5

Briefly describe what a ‘Low-Power Wide-Area Network’ is

• LPWAN refers to a cellular network designed for voice communication, providing fast data transmission but with high energy consumption.

• LPWAN is a high-speed network that requires significant power to transmit data over short distances, commonly used in high-bandwidth applications like streaming.

• Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is a type of wireless network that provides limited coverage for local areas, typically used for connecting home appliances.

• ‘Low-Power Wide-Area Network’ (LPWAN)) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communications at a low bit rate among things.

State the features of a ‘Low-Power Wide-Area Network’

• LPWANs feature long range and low battery consumption.

• High data rate, short-range coverage, high power consumption, and supports a limited number of connected devices.

• Medium data rate, medium-range coverage, high power consumption, and supports a small number of connected devices.

• High data rate, long-range coverage, high power consumption, and is typically used for high-bandwidth applications like video streaming.

State common applications of ‘Low-Power Wide-Area Network’

• Online gaming, video streaming, real-time stock trading, and cloud computing.

• High-definition video conferencing, virtual reality, autonomous driving, and large-scale data processing.

• Desktop computing, web browsing, office productivity software, and high-performance computing.

• Use as remote sensors in Smart Metering, Inventory Tracking, and Vending Machines.

LoRaWAN Architecture consists of:

• Routers,

  switches,

  firewalls, and load balancers.

• End Devices (Nodes),

  Gateway, and Servers

• Client devices, data centers, cloud servers, and edge nodes.

• Base stations, satellites, fiber optics, and repeaters.

Describe the differences between the ‘Uplink’ and ‘Down link’ of LoRaWAN.

• Uplink involves high-speed data transfer, while Downlink involves low-speed data transfer.

• Uplink is used for sending audio and video, while Downlink is used for sending text messages.

• The ‘Uplink’ is used to send information from the Node to the Gateway, while the ‘Down Link’ is used to send information from the Gateway to Node.

• Uplink refers to data transmission within the same device, while Downlink refers to data reception within the same device.

State the function of the ‘RF Layer’ in the ‘LoRaWAN’ Protocol Stack.

• The RF Layer handles the routing of data packets between different network nodes.

• The RF Layer manages the encryption and decryption of data packets in the network.

• The RF Layer is responsible for managing user authentication and access control in the network.

• The ‘RF Layer’ takes care of radio frequency assignment and transmission of baseband information using RF carrier with the help of antenna over the air.

State the function of the ‘MAC’ in the ‘LoRaWAN’ Protocol Stack.

• The MAC layer encrypts and decrypts data for secure communication over the network.

• The MAC layer handles user authentication and assigns IP addresses to devices within the network.

• The MAC layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data using radio frequencies between devices.

• The MAC layer handle of MAC management messages between End Device and Server, and major functions such as energy consumption, security and mesh topology.

‘Sigfox’ networks run on the unlicensed spectrum of ______ MHz (Europe) or ______MHz (Rest of World) requiring a bandwidth of below _____ KHz.

• 868MHz (Europe) or 902MHz (Rest of World)

  100 KHz.

• 902MHz (Europe) or 868MHz (Rest of World)

  100 KHz.

• 915MHz (Europe) or 902MHz (Rest of World)

  100 MHz.

• 433MHz (Europe) or 902MHz (Rest of World)

  100 KHz.

State the ‘Radio Transmission Method’ and ‘Data Rate in ‘Sigfox’.

• Spread Spectrum with a data rate of up to 1 Gbps.

• ‘Binary Phase-Shift Keying’ (BPSK)

  with a data rate of up to 0.1 Kbps.

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) with a data rate of up to 10 Mbps.

• Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with a data rate of up to 100 kbps.

Describe the functions of the ‘Sigfox’ cloud.

• The Sigfox cloud handles real-time voice communication, video streaming, and virtual machine hosting for IoT devices.

• The Sigfox cloud manages direct device-to-device communication, provides location tracking services, and facilitates peer-to-peer file sharing.

• The Sigfox cloud encrypts all communication between devices, manages network topology, and handles firmware updates for connected devices.

• ‘Sigfox’ Cloud contains back-end servers for

  monitoring, message processing, base station management, and storing functions, messages and modems’ metadata