A 60 year old with history of chronic heart failure, history of renal transplant in the past comes into the emergency department because he 'missed his heart meds'. You see these fingers, what is this indicative of?

• exacerbated kidney disease

• exacerbated heart and lung disease

• worsening dermatology disease

What is the normal JVP range?

• 3-5 cm in the RA

• 6-8 cm in the SVC

• 6-8 cm in the RA

• 1-3 cm in the RV

What is the normal response to JVP when you breathe in and what is considered abnormal?

• When you breathe in, the JVP increase and the intrathoracic pressure increase. JVP lowering is considered abnormal

• When you breathe in, the JVP decrease and the intrathoracic pressure decreases. JVP lowering is considered abnormal

• When you breathe in, the JVP increase and the intrathoracic pressure decreases. JVP rising is considered abnormal

• When you breathe in, the JVP decrease and the intrathoracic pressure decreases. JVP rising is considered abnormal

What causes the S1 sound in the cardiac cycle?

• closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves

• closing of aortic and tricuspid valves

• opening of the mitral and tricuspid valves

• closing of aortic and pulmonic valves

The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves signify what?

• beginning of systole and the end of diastole

• beginning of systole and the beginning of diastole

• end of systole and the beginning of diastole

• end of systole and the end of diastole

A 75 year old is known to have mitral stenosis, what is the definition of stenosis and when you hear a murmur?

• When the valve is leaky and when the valve is closed

• When the valve is difficult to open and when the valve is closed

• When the valve is difficult to open and when the valve is trying to open

• When the valve is leaky and when the valve is trying to open

What place is the aortic valve best heard? What about the mitral valve?

• right upper sternal border & The cardiac apex

• left upper sternal border & The cardiac apex

• left lower sternal border & The cardiac apex

• left lower sternal border and right upper sternal border