Understanding Cancer and the Cell Cycle

Which phase of the cell cycle is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

• G1 phase

• S phase

• G2 phase

• M phase

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

How mutations in proto-oncogenes can lead to cancer.

• Proto-oncogenes become tumor suppressors

• Proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell division

• Proto-oncogenes repair DNA damage

• Proto-oncogenes induce apoptosis

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

Describe the role of apoptosis in preventing cancer and provide an example of a gene involved in this process.

• Apoptosis promotes cell division

• Apoptosis removes damaged cells, with genes like p53 playing a key role

• Apoptosis repairs DNA

• Apoptosis causes mutations

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

How do cancer cells interact with the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth?

• Cancer cells ignore the microenvironment

• Cancer cells recruit blood vessels and suppress immune responses

• Cancer cells repair the microenvironment

• Cancer cells induce apoptosis in the microenvironment

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

Identify the phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for mitosis.

• G1 phase

• S phase

• G2 phase

• M phase

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

Discuss the difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the context of cancer development.

• Oncogenes inhibit cell division, while tumor suppressors promote it

• Oncogenes promote cell division, while tumor suppressors inhibit it

• Both oncogenes and tumor suppressors promote cell division

• Both oncogenes and tumor suppressors inhibit cell division

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

Explain how the loss of function in tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer. Provide an example of a specific tumor suppressor gene.

• Tumor suppressor genes promote cell division

• Tumor suppressor genes repair DNA

• Loss of function in tumor suppressor genes like p53 leads to uncontrolled cell division

• Tumor suppressor genes induce mutations

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

What is the significance of the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle?

• It ensures DNA replication is complete

• It checks for DNA damage before entering S phase

• It initiates mitosis

• It completes cytokinesis

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

Describe the role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and how it can be targeted in cancer therapy.

• Angiogenesis repairs DNA

• Angiogenesis promotes blood vessel formation, which can be inhibited to starve tumors

• Angiogenesis induces apoptosis

• Angiogenesis suppresses immune responses

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking

What is the function of the M phase in the cell cycle?

• DNA replication

• Cell growth

• Mitosis and cytokinesis

• DNA repair

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DOK Level 3: Strategic Thinking