What does the symbol 'O' represent in research design notation?

• Independent Variable

• Non-equivalent participant group

• Dependent Variable

• Randomly assigned participant group

Which symbol refers to an experimental manipulation or treatment?

• C

• X

• R

• Y

In research design notation, what does 'R' signify?

• Cutoff score participant group

• Randomly assigned participant group

• Non-equivalent participant group

• Observation or measurement

What is the purpose of using subscripts in research design notation?

• To represent the Independent Variable

• To indicate the flow of time

• To specify the observation or manipulation number

• To identify the participant group

What does the notation 'C' refer to?

• Nonequivalent participant group

• Cutoff score participant group

• Dependent Variable

• Control group

Which design includes a baseline for comparison?

• Pretest/posttest design

• Posttest-only design

• Switching replications design

• Nonequivalent control group design

What is a characteristic of the posttest-only control group design?

• It has no control group

• It only measures the Independent Variable

• It includes two randomly assigned participant groups

• It does not involve any observations

In which design is non-equivalence implied?

• Longitudinal design

• Pretest/posttest design

• Interrupted Time-series design

• Nonequivalent control group design

What does the 'Y' symbol represent in research design notation?

• Randomly assigned participant group

• Second Independent Variable

• Control group

• Dependent Variable

Which design is characterized by both pretest and posttest measurements?

• Nonequivalent control group design

• Solomon four group design

• Pretest/posttest control group design

• Posttest-only design