Philosophical Views on Human Nature

According to René Descartes' dualism, what is the fundamental distinction between the mind and the body?

• The mind is physical, and the body is non-physical.

• The mind is a non-physical, thinking substance, and the body is a physical, extended substance.

• Both the mind and body are physical substances but serve different functions.

• The mind and body are both non-physical substances that interact through perception.

What is the main philosophical problem raised by Descartes' dualism?

• The problem of subjective experience.

• The problem of material causation.

• The mind-body problem.

• The problem of existential freedom.

Which philosopher described the human body as a "complex machine"?

• René Descartes

• Thomas Hobbes

• Jean-Paul Sartre

• Immanuel Kant

What is "qualia" in the context of materialism?

• The interaction between mind and body.

• The material aspects of the human brain.

• The subjective, personal experiences of phenomena.

• The belief that everything is composed of physical matter.

Which of the following best describes George Berkeley's idealism?

• Reality consists of both mind and matter equally.

• Only physical objects are real.

• To be is to be perceived.

• The mind is the only thing that exists, and everything else is an illusion.

What does Immanuel Kant mean by "transcendental idealism"?

• Reality is entirely mind-dependent.

• Reality is an illusion created by the mind.

• Reality exists independently, but our experience of it is structured by the mind.

• Reality is constructed by language and culture.

Which statement best captures Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism?

• "To be is to be perceived."

• "Existence precedes essence."

• "The mind is the only reality."

• "The human person is a complex machine."

What does Jean-Paul Sartre mean by "existential angst"?

• Anxiety resulting from the awareness of one's absolute freedom and lack of inherent meaning.

• Fear of death and the finite nature of life.

• Stress caused by the inability to perceive reality.

• Nervousness due to the conflict between mind and body.

How does Simone de Beauvoir's view of human freedom differ from that of Jean-Paul Sartre?

• She believed that human freedom is absolute and unaffected by external conditions.

• She argued that freedom is often curtailed by social, cultural, and gender constraints.

• She believed freedom is an illusion created by existential anxiety.

• She focused on the metaphysical aspects of freedom rather than social ones.

What is the central idea of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology?

• Humans are defined by their social and cultural constructs.

• Human consciousness is always directed toward something (intentionality).

• The physical body is the true essence of human nature.

• Reality is completely independent of human experience.