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The trees these moths used to live on were white, but have been covered in soot from coal factories. Which moth will be more successful in this environment?

• Dark moth
• Light moth
• Both will be equally successful
• Neither will be successful

Why are advantageous (helpful) traits more likely to be passed onto offspring?

• Because they are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• Because they come from dominant alleles.
• Because they come from recessive alleles.
• Because the trait is an acquired phenotype.

How does waterproof feathers help penguins survive in the Antarctic. (Choose all that apply)

• Helps keep them warm and dry

• Helps them blend in

• Helps them swim in cold waters

• Helps them see further in cold weather

Scientists measured the spot size of guppies (small fish) in two different populations. Which population has more guppies with large spots?

• They both have the same number of guppies with large spots.

• The population in Brazil has more guppies with large spots.

• The population in Venezuela has more guppies with large spots.

• These bar graphs do not show which population has more guppies with large spots.

Harbor seals live in northern oceans and have a layer of blubber (fat) that keeps them warm. Seals can have blubber of different thicknesses.

Seals with thicker blubber are more likely to stay warm and survive in cold ocean waters. If their environment changes to have warm water, which of the following seal populations will most likely survive?

• Populations 1 and 2 will most likely survive.

• Populations 2 and 3 will most likely survive.

• Only Population 2 will survive because it is the only population with variation.

• All the populations will survive because the seals will change the thickness of their blubber if they need to.

Grass plants in a population range in height from 6 cm to 25 cm. The short plants receive very little sunlight due to the shade of the taller plants. Which statement best describes the effect of natural selection on the grasses?

• The short grasses will get plenty of sun and continue to grow taller and taller.

• The short grasses will not get enough sunlight and die before reproducing.

• Both types of grass will grow well and go on to reproduce.

• The tall grasses will get too much sun and begin to get sunburned and die.

Grass plants in a population range in height from 6 cm to 25 cm. The tall plants are more likely to get eaten by predators. Which statement best describes the effect of natural selection on the grasses?

• The short grasses will get plenty of sun and continue to grow taller and taller.

• Both types of grass will grow well and go on to reproduce.

• The tall grasses will die due to getting eaten by predators and not be able to reproduce.

• The tall grasses will get too much sun and begin to get sunburned and die.

What is the best claim for this image?

• The grey wolves are best adapted to the Arctic

• The brown rabbits are best adapted to the Arctic.

• The white rabbits are best adapted to the Arctic.

The Asian shore crab invaded parts of the eastern coast of the United States about 15 years ago. The Asian shore crab preys on blue mussels. In the time since the Asian shore crab arrived, the average shell thickness of the blue mussel population has increased.

Which of the following is the most likely reason that this increase in shell thickness has occurred?

• Blue mussels with thick shells attract more crabs that mussels without thick shells.

• Blue mussels with thick shells grow in larger colonies than mussels without thick shells.

• Blue mussels with thick shells catch more food per day than mussels without thick shells.

• Blue mussels with thick shells survive and reproduce more successfully than mussels without thick shells.

Elephants are hunted and killed for their tusks. Some elephants are born without tusks. Why is being tusk-less an advantage?

• Elephants without tusks are better able to get food, so they will live and reproduce.

• Both types of elephants will live and reproduce.

• Elephants with tusks are better able to defend themselves so they will live longer and reproduce.

• Elephants won't be targeted by human poachers because they don't have tusks, so they will live and reproduce.