Unit 2 Review / Practice P1

Prosecuting companies under the Sherman act was not easy because the act didn’t clearly define terms such as trust. The Supreme Court threw out seven of the eight cases that were brought against trusts. Eventually, the government

• nationalized the companies and began the reign of economic centralization.

• forced the companies to sell the politicians stocks and take control.

• jailed the business magnates and forced them to sell their companies.

• stopped trying to enforce the Sherman act, and the consolidation of businesses continued.

Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist, helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall’s graft (the illegal use of political influence for personal gain). (1 point)

• and Boss Tweed’s group was finally broken in 1871 with Boss Tweed being found guilty and sentenced to 12 years in jail.

• but people did not understand the cartoons and nothing was done after Boss Tweed argued his case.

• but the Tweed Ring escaped prosecution and Boss Tweed retired in style in 1871.

• and the government prosecuted Tweed but lost on a technicality which caused Boss Tweed to flee to Spain.

In this political cartoon from 1889 in Puck Magazine, “History Repeats Itself -- The Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber Barons of Today,” the artist presents the view of industrialists and business magnates (1 point)

• make their wealth through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices and corruption.

• achieve great success and wealth through the honest ownership and leadership of multiple lines of enterprise.

• cooperate well together to uplift society and eliminate hardships and homelessness.

• work within the constitution to energize the economy and bring wealth to the people.

Organized labor was gaining support as more people over time took industrial and urban jobs. The typewriter and the telephone were not only revolutionary inventions that transformed the dreams of young women and transforming lifestyles, but they also contributed to boosting the labor participation of (1 point)

• former slaves who benefited from the newly established black colleges and universities, allowing them to transition from slavery to the clerical workforce by 1910.

• all machines which replaced humans with artificial intelligence, eventually leading to a nuclear war that would drastically reduce the world’s population by 1910.

• men who made up only a small percentage of the office workforce. Eventually, men made up 40 percent of the clerical workforce by 1910.

• women who made up only a small percentage of the office workforce and eventually made up 40 percent of the clerical workforce by 1910.

In 1869, the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met in Utah, completing the first transcontinental railroad. Contributing to the industrialization of America, eventually railroads helped fulfill the dreams of owning land, embarking on adventurous travels, and the opportunity for fresh starts for many Americans. This romance was made possible by

• employing Chinese and Irish immigrants and many out-of-work Civil War veterans to work in harsh conditions.

• connecting the east and west coasts in Las Vegas, Nevada which increased marriage rates throughout the United States.

• Native Americans who worked with immigrant laborers to complete the transcontinental railroad.

• Thomas Edison who worked with innovators like Nikola Tesla to perfect the Bessemer Steel Process that removed carbon from iron and produced a lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant metal called steel.

This political cartoon from the late 1800s of a party boss raiding the city treasury suggests (1 point)

• government workers deserve some extra money to make up for low wages.

• corruption is a problem and party bosses are stealing money from the people.

• the party bosses get things done and deserve to be taken care of by the city.

• the red tape and bureaucracy has to be cut through by someone, why not a party boss?

Railroad companies in the mid to late 1800s were acting like an oligopoly towards farmers in fixing prices and entering into secret agreements. Groups of farmers organized into Grangers in order to battle the railroad companies. They (1 point)

• participated in labor strikes against the railroad companies and forced them to establish maximum freight and passenger rates, and prohibited discrimination.

• stormed the offices of the giant railroad companies and under the threat of violence, the railroads agreed to create fair rates for transporting freight and passengers.

• petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to rule that states could not regulate interstate commerce.

• took political action and voted for state legislators who successfully lobbied and passed laws that would establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibited discrimination.

People have different views on how much a government should or should not intervene in the market or economy. Governments sometimes intervene in the market by

• subsidizing domestic companies to help spur competition with foreign companies

• all of the above

• trying to protect domestic companies by taxing imports (tariffs)

• enacting regulations to limit negative effects like water or air pollution

This photo from 1900 illustrates one of the issues of the day -- child labor. Between 1890 and 1901, about 20 percent of the boys and 10 percent of the girls under age 15—some as young as five years old—also held full-time jobs. Many children worked because (1 point)

• schools provided extra credit for gaining positive work experiences, especially in dangerous locations.

• wages were low and most families could not survive unless everyone held a job.

• wages and benefits set them up for lifetimes of leisure after working hard early in life.

• the health benefits of working in mines for the each child's well being was considered very important.

Carnegie's success was due in part to management practices that he initiated and that soon became widespread. First, he continually searched for ways to make better products. Second, he incorporated new machinery and techniques, such as accounting systems that enabled him to track precise costs. Second, he attracted talented people by offering them stock in the company and he encouraged competition among his assistants. The description above paints Andrew Carnegie in a positive light and likely supports the argument he should be considered a

• captain of industry.

• communist sympathizer.

• robber barron.

• labor party revolutionary.