Translation of mRNA to Protein: Key Concepts and Mechanisms

The video tutorial explains the central dogma of biology, focusing on the processes of transcription and translation. It describes how genetic information in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. The tutorial covers the roles of ribosomes, codons, and tRNA in protein synthesis, highlighting the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It also explains the genetic code, including start and stop codons, and how antibiotics can target bacterial ribosomes without affecting human cells.

What are chromosomes primarily made of?

• Lipids

• Proteins

• DNA

• RNA

What is the first step in the central dogma of biology?

• Translation

• Transcription

• Replication

• Mutation

In eukaryotic cells, what is the initial product of transcription called?

• mRNA

• rRNA

• tRNA

• pre-mRNA

What is the role of a ribosome in translation?

• To transcribe DNA

• To process pre-mRNA

• To translate mRNA into a polypeptide

• To replicate DNA

What is a codon?

• A type of tRNA

• A part of the ribosome

• A type of protein

• A sequence of three nucleotides

How many standard amino acids are there?

• 20

• 23

• 21

• 22

What does tRNA stand for?

• Transcription RNA

• Transfer RNA

• Translation RNA

• Transport RNA

What is the function of an anticodon on tRNA?

• To bind to the ribosome

• To bind to the appropriate amino acid

• To initiate transcription

• To pair with the codon on mRNA

What is the A site on a ribosome responsible for?

• Binding to the start codon

• Forming peptide bonds

• Exiting the ribosome

• Binding tRNA with an amino acid

What happens at the E site of a ribosome?

• Peptide bonds form

• tRNA exits the ribosome

• Amino acids are added

• mRNA is transcribed