Exploring Hormone Action and Cellular Mechanisms

What initiates the release of secondary messengers within a cell?

• Binding of a hormone to its receptor

• Direct entry of a hormone into the cell

• Activation of DNA transcription

• Release of cAMP

What is the role of G protein in the hormone signaling process?

• It deactivates the receptor after hormone binding

• It directly produces secondary messengers

• It exchanges GDP for GTP to activate adenylate cyclase

• It binds to DNA to start transcription

What does cAMP stand for?

• Cellular adenosine triphosphate

• Cyclic adenosine triphosphate

• Cellular adenosine monophosphate

• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

How does the adenylate cyclase enzyme contribute to hormone signaling?

• It binds the hormone to the receptor

• It blocks the receptor from other molecules

• It converts ATP to cAMP

• It synthesizes new hormones

Which enzyme is activated by the G protein during the hormone signaling process?

• Protease

• Lipase

• Adenylate cyclase

• Helicase

What analogy is used to explain the function of secondary messengers?

• A firewall in computer networks

• A genetic code transcription

• A lock and key mechanism

• A phone service provider

Which hormones use secondary messengers to communicate inside the cell?

• Steroid hormones

• Thyroid hormones

• Peptide hormones and catecholamines

• All hormones

What is the effect of signal amplification in hormone signaling?

• It prevents the hormone from binding to the receptor

• It reduces the effectiveness of the hormone

• It increases the number of receptors on the cell surface

• It decreases the amount of hormone needed

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What allows steroid and thyroid hormones to act as primary messengers?

• Their ability to activate G proteins

• Their structure allowing them to enter the cell directly

• Their ability to bind to external receptors

• Their rapid degradation in the bloodstream

What is the main difference in the action mechanism between primary and secondary messengers?

• Primary messengers require G proteins

• Secondary messengers can enter the cell nucleus

• Primary messengers can cross the cell membrane

• Secondary messengers directly bind to DNA