Mexico's Path to Independence

Which individual is known for issuing the "Grito de Dolores," a call for Mexican independence?

• José María Morelos

• Miguel Hidalgo

• Agustín de Iturbide

• Vicente Guerrero

Answer explanation

Miguel Hidalgo is known for issuing the "Grito de Dolores" on September 16, 1810, which marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence, making him a key figure in Mexico's fight for freedom.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

What was the main goal of the Plan of Iguala, which was a significant event in Mexico's independence movement?

• To establish a monarchy under Spanish rule

• To ensure equal rights for all social classes

• To create a republic with a president

• To maintain colonial status under Spain

Answer explanation

The Plan of Iguala aimed to ensure equal rights for all social classes, promoting unity among different groups in Mexico's independence movement, rather than establishing a monarchy or maintaining colonial status.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which event marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence?

• The signing of the Treaty of Córdoba

• The Battle of Calderón Bridge

• The Grito de Dolores

• The Siege of Guanajuato

Answer explanation

The Grito de Dolores, issued by Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810, is considered the call to arms that initiated the Mexican War of Independence, making it the correct answer.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Who was the leader of the Mexican forces that captured Mexico City, leading to the end of Spanish rule?

• José María Morelos

• Vicente Guerrero

• Agustín de Iturbide

• Miguel Hidalgo

Answer explanation

Agustín de Iturbide was the leader of the Mexican forces that captured Mexico City in 1821, effectively ending Spanish rule in Mexico. His leadership was crucial in the final stages of the Mexican War of Independence.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

What was the significance of the Treaty of Córdoba in the context of Mexican independence?

• It declared Mexico a republic

• It recognized Mexico's independence from Spain

• It established a new constitution

• It ended the Mexican-American War

Answer explanation

The Treaty of Córdoba, signed in 1821, was significant as it officially recognized Mexico's independence from Spain, marking the end of colonial rule and the beginning of Mexico as a sovereign nation.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which social class in Mexico was primarily responsible for initiating the independence movement?

• Peninsulares

• Creoles

• Mestizos

• Indigenous people

Answer explanation

The Creoles, who were of Spanish descent but born in Mexico, played a crucial role in the independence movement. They sought greater political power and resented the privileges held by the Peninsulares, leading them to initiate the fight for independence.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

What role did José María Morelos play in the Mexican War of Independence?

• He was a Spanish general opposing independence

• He was a leader who continued the fight after Hidalgo's death

• He was a diplomat negotiating with Spain

• He was a monarchist supporting Spanish rule

Answer explanation

José María Morelos was a key leader in the Mexican War of Independence who took over the revolutionary movement after Miguel Hidalgo's execution in 1811, continuing the fight for independence from Spanish rule.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which of the following was a key issue that fueled the Mexican independence movement?

• Desire for a stronger monarchy

• Demand for social equality and land reform

• Support for Spanish colonial policies

• Interest in expanding Spanish territories

Answer explanation

The Mexican independence movement was largely driven by the demand for social equality and land reform, as many sought to address the injustices faced by indigenous and mestizo populations under colonial rule.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

What was the impact of the Battle of Calderón Bridge on the Mexican independence movement?

• It was a decisive victory for the Mexican rebels

• It marked a significant defeat for the Mexican rebels

• It led to the capture of Mexico City by Spanish forces

• It resulted in a peace treaty with Spain

Answer explanation

The Battle of Calderón Bridge was a significant defeat for the Mexican rebels, weakening their position in the independence movement and allowing Spanish forces to maintain control over key territories.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which event is considered the final step in achieving Mexican independence from Spain?

• The signing of the Plan of Iguala

• The capture of Mexico City by Iturbide's forces

• The execution of Miguel Hidalgo

• The Battle of Calderón Bridge

Answer explanation

The capture of Mexico City by Iturbide's forces in 1821 marked the decisive moment in the Mexican War of Independence, leading to the end of Spanish rule and the establishment of an independent Mexico.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept