Mastering Programming Concepts

What is a data structure?

• A data structure is a programming language.

• A data structure is a specialized format for organizing, processing, and storing data.

• A data structure is a type of computer program.

• A data structure is a method for writing code.

Which data structure uses LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle?

• Trees

• Graphs

• Stacks

• Queue

What is the time complexity of accessing an element in an array?

• O(n)

• O(log n)

• O(n^2)

• O(1)

Explain the difference between a stack and a queue.

• Both stack and queue use LIFO.

• A stack uses LIFO, while a queue uses FIFO.

• A stack uses FIFO, while a queue uses LIFO.

• A stack allows random access, while a queue does not.

What is a linked list and how does it differ from an array?

• A linked list consists of nodes with links to the next node, while an array is a contiguous block of memory with indexed access.

• A linked list uses indexed access, while an array uses pointers to navigate.

• A linked list is a single block of memory, while an array consists of nodes.

• An array allows dynamic resizing, whereas a linked list has a fixed size.

Define recursion and give an example of its use.

• Recursion is a technique used to optimize memory usage in programming.

• Recursion is a method where a function calls itself to solve a problem, such as calculating factorials.

• Recursion is a method where a function runs in parallel to solve a problem.

• Recursion is a process of iterating through a list without using functions.

What is the purpose of an algorithm?

• To create random data without any structure.

• The purpose of an algorithm is to provide a systematic method for solving problems or performing tasks.

• To replace human decision-making entirely.

• To confuse users with complex calculations.

Explain the concept of object-oriented programming.

• Object-oriented programming is a method for writing procedural code.

• Object-oriented programming is a paradigm that uses 'objects' to represent data and methods, promoting code reusability and modularity.

• Object-oriented programming eliminates the need for any form of data encapsulation.

• Object-oriented programming focuses solely on functions and not on data.

What are the four main principles of OOP?

• Composition, Aggregation, Association, Delegation

• Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism

• Abstraction, Polymorphism, Composition, Encapsulation

• Encapsulation, Inheritance, Composition, Overloading

What is inheritance in OOP?

• Inheritance allows classes to be combined into a single class.

• Inheritance is a way to create multiple instances of a class.

• Inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming that enables a new class to inherit attributes and behaviors from an existing class.

• Inheritance is a method for storing data in a database.