I. Substance dualism states that the mind and body are distinct substances. II. Descartes believed the mind is a non-material, thinking entity.

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I. Descartes' famous statement "I think, therefore I am" means that thinking proves existence. II. Descartes believed that doubting one's own existence was possible.

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I. Descartes argued that the idea of perfection must come from a perfect being, which is God. II. Descartes claimed that the imperfect being could create the idea of perfection.

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I. The body is an essential aspect of human existence, allowing us to create meanings in the world. II. Gabriel Marcel believed the body is separate from one's subjectivity and identity.

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I. In secondary reflection, the body is intertwined with one's subjectivity and being. II. According to secondary reflection, the body and the self are separable entities.

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I. Marcel argued that the body is not merely an instrument but an integral part of the self. II. He believed that a person can exist apart from their body.

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I. The subject exists in isolation, experiencing life without interaction with others. II. Human beings are relational and naturally live in connection with others.

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I. Self-awareness is deepened when we isolate ourselves from others. II. Interacting with others leads to greater self-knowledge and realization of selfhood.

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I. Dialogue transforms and humanizes the environment for social beings. II. Isolation helps individuals better understand the world around them.

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I. Manipulation fosters a healthy intersubjective relationship. II. Manipulation reduces others to objects, stripping them of their uniqueness and identity.

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