Industrialization Unit Test Review

The completion of the​ (a)   in 1869 marked a transformative moment in American history, as it significantly reduced ​ (b)   time and connected the country, creating a national ​ (c)   . This unprecedented connectivity not only fueled westward expansion but also spurred economic growth by promoting trade and communication. It also helped grow the ​ (d)   and steel industries. The railroad industry became the ​ (e)   major industry to experience federal regulation through the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was designed to ensure fair rates and practices within the industry. This act was a response to public outcry over unfair pricing and monopolistic control exerted by railroad companies.

​

• Transcontinental Railroad
• travel
• market
• coal
• first
• Intercontinental Highway
• air travel
• textile industry

The importance of the (a)   industry was underscored during the Panic of 1893, a severe economic downturn that forced many railroad companies into bankruptcy due to overexpansion and speculative investments. To stabilize the situation, financial leaders like (b)   played a crucial role in ​ (c)   (combining) failing railroads, demonstrating the immense influence of financiers in shaping the industry.

• railroad
• J.P. Morgan
• consolidating
• automobile
• closing
• Henry Ford

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were pivotal figures in the industrial growth of the United States. Carnegie's mastery of ​ (a)   Integration allowed him to dominate the steel industry by controlling every aspect of the ​ (b)   process, from raw materials to distribution. This strategy reduced costs and increased efficiency, making Carnegie Steel the largest producer of ​ (c)   in the country. In contrast, John D. Rockefeller used ​ (d)   Integration to gain control over the oil industry. By merging with or acquiring competitors, Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company controlled a vast majority of oil refining in the United States.

• Vertical
• production
• steel
• Horizontal
• copper
• manufacturing
• diagonal

The rise of monopolies in the late 19th century prompted the federal government to take action against anti-competitive business practices. The ​ (a)   Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first federal law aimed at prohibiting business practices that restrained trade and competition. However, its effectiveness was initially ​ (b)   due to vague wording and weak enforcement.

• Sherman
• limited
• Clayton
• effective
• beneficial

The ​ (a)   Strike of 1894 was another significant event that highlighted the tension between labor and management. The strike, which disrupted ​ (b)   traffic across the country, ended with the federal government intervening and using court ​ (c)   to break the strike. This set a precedent for the increased use of legal means to suppress labor movements.

• Pullman
• rail
• injunctions
• oil
• steel
• Haymarket

Match the philosophies that industrialists used to justify their actions.

• Gospel of Wealth

• "Hands off" approach to the economy

• Protestant Work Ethic

• Wealth should be used for the greater good

• Laissez-Faire Capitalism

• You are rich because you are blessed by God

• Social Darwinism

• Only the strongest businesses survive; helping the poor damages our country

Many workers began to strike and protest in response to low ​ (a)   , long ​ (b)   , and unsafe working ​ (c)   .

• wages
• hours
• conditions
• benefits
• vacations
• meetings

The ​ (a)   , one of the largest labor organizations of the time, lost influence after being associated with the violent ​ (b)   Riot of 1886. This event led to a decline in public ​ (c)   for labor unions, which were often portrayed as radical and violent.

• Knights of Labor
• Haymarket
• support
• Sons of Liberty
• Boston Tea Party
• public disdain