Chemical Messenging

During a high-intensity workout, a fitness tracker shows that the athlete’s heart rate suddenly spikes. This rapid increase in heart rate is due to the neurons reaching a certain level of stimulation necessary to fire an action potential. This level is known as:

• threshold

• resting potential

• refractory period

• reuptake

Max, diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, learns that his symptoms are due to the deterioration of the fatty substance that covers and protects his nerve fibers. This substance is known as:

• synapse

• axon

• myelin sheath

• dendrite

A neuroscientist explains to her students that the process by which excess neurotransmitters are absorbed back into the sending neuron after a neural impulse has been transmitted is called:

• depolarization

• resting potential

• reuptake

• action potential

After an action potential fires, a neuron temporarily cannot fire again until its voltage returns to the normal resting state. This brief downtime is referred to as the:

• action potential

• refractory period

• depolarization

• threshold

In a discussion about neural efficiency, a biology teacher explains the all-or-nothing principle, which states that:

•  A neuron either fires at full strength or not at all, regardless of the stimulus intensity.

• A neuron fires at varying intensities depending on the strength of the stimulus.

• A neuron can choose to fire or not based on the type of neurotransmitter involved.

• A neuron's action potential can be partially triggered.

After a long run, Mia feels a significant reduction in her physical pain and an increase in pleasure, likely due to the release of:

• endorphins

• Substance P

• serotonin

• dopamine

In a study about appetite control, researchers focus on two hormones that regulate hunger and satiety. One hormone signals hunger, and the other signals satiety. These hormones are:

• Melatonin and Oxytocin

• Leptin and Ghrelin

• Adrenaline and Norepinephrine

• Dopamine and Serotonin

A patient undergoing treatment for insomnia is prescribed a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. This hormone is:

• Melatonin

• Leptin

• Oxytocin

• Ghrelin

During a particularly touching moment in a film, viewers may experience a surge of a hormone known for its role in bonding and social behavior. This hormone is:

• Dopamine

• Adrenalin

• Norepinephrine

• Oxytocin

During a stressful exam, Sarah notices her heart rate increases, and she feels more alert. This physiological response is primarily due to the release of:

• Dopamine

  
  

• Serotonin

• Adrenaline

• Oxytocin