Biology Chapter 6

Which of the following statements best describes the major differences between light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy ?

• Light microscopy uses visible light, fluorescence microscopy uses fluorescent dyes and specific light wavelengths, and electron microscopy uses electron beams for high-resolution imaging.
• Light microscopy uses infrared light, fluorescence microscopy uses X-rays, and electron microscopy uses gamma rays.
• Light microscopy is used for living cells, fluorescence microscopy is for fixed samples, and electron microscopy is for low-resolution imaging.
• Light microscopy requires vacuum conditions, fluorescence microscopy uses natural dyes, and electron microscopy uses visible light.

What is cell fractionation, and how is it used to study the components of cells ?

• Uses microscopy to visualize intact cells, observing the interactions between organelles

• Process of breaking down the plasma membrane, studying the genetic material of a cell

• Where cells are broken down into their individual components: studying the organelles,

• Refers to staining cells to distinguish different components and their functions under a microscope

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?

• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.
• Prokaryotic cells contain multiple chromosomes; eukaryotic cells have a single chromosome.
• Eukaryotic cells are always smaller than prokaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus; eukaryotic cells do not.

Why are most cells generally very small, and how can some cells overcome this size limit ?

• Most cells are small due to surface area-to-volume ratio limitations; larger cells can overcome this by developing specialized structures.
• Cells can only grow larger by dividing into smaller cells.
• Most cells are large due to their ability to store more nutrients.
• All cells are the same size regardless of their function.

What are the specific functions of each of the major organelles within eukaryotes? (Nucleus,
Ribosomes, smooth and rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria,
chloroplasts)

• Nucleus: produces ATP;
• Nucleus: stores genetic material; Ribosomes: synthesize proteins; Rough ER: processes proteins; Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids; Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins; Lysosomes: digest waste; Vacuoles: store substances; Mitochondria: produce ATP; Chloroplasts: conduct photosynthesis.
• Ribosomes: store genetic material;
• Mitochondria: conduct photosynthesis.

Which organelles are found in plant and animal cells?

• Cell wall, chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria
• Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes.
• Chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, centrioles
• Nucleus, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria though to have originated through endosymbiosis?

• Chloroplasts and mitochondria are produced during cell division.
• Chloroplasts and mitochondria are synthesized in the nucleus of the cell.
• Chloroplasts and mitochondria are formed from plant cells.
• Chloroplasts and mitochondria originated from free-living bacteria through endosymbiosis.

What are the 3 cytoskeletal filaments, where are they located in a cell, and what are their
major functions ?

• Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules(helps with cell shape)

• Actin, Keratin, Collagen
• Cilia, Flagella, Vesicles
• Nucleus, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus

How do actin filaments and microtubules allow for contraction, flagella/cilia movement,
intracellular transport, and cell crawling ?

• Cilia and flagella movement is solely dependent on chemical signals.
• Actin filaments and microtubules enable contraction, cilia/flagella movement, intracellular transport, and cell crawling through their structural roles and interactions with motor proteins.
• Actin filaments and microtubules are primarily involved in DNA replication.
• Actin filaments and microtubules do not play a role in cell structure.

What is the function of the extracellular matrix, what are the major components that make it
up, and how are they brought to their destination ?

• The extracellular matrix is primarily made of DNA and RNA.
• Its main function is to store energy and nutrients for cells.
• The components are absorbed from the bloodstream and not synthesized by cells.
• Provides structural support and biochemical cues to cells within a tissue.