This video tutorial covers igneous petrology with a focus on volcanic structures. It distinguishes between igneous textures and structures, explaining the differences and providing examples. The video delves into mafic lava flows, discussing blocky and ropey lava, columnar jointing, and pillow structures. It transitions to pyroclastic deposits, explaining the classification based on fragment size and composition. The tutorial concludes with a discussion on pyroclastic fall and flow deposits, highlighting their characteristics and differences.

What is the primary difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

• Extrusive rocks are always mafic, while intrusive rocks are always felsic.

• Extrusive rocks are always felsic, while intrusive rocks are always mafic.

• Extrusive rocks form above the Earth's surface, while intrusive rocks form below.

• Extrusive rocks form below the Earth's surface, while intrusive rocks form above.

Which type of lava is characterized by a smooth, rope-like appearance?

• Pahoehoe lava

• Pillow lava

• Blocky lava

• A'a lava

What geological feature is formed by the cooling of ponded lava, resulting in a hexagonal pattern?

• Pillow basalts

• Lava tubes

• Columnar jointing

• Vesicular texture

What are vesicles in volcanic rocks?

• Solid mineral inclusions

• Preserved gas bubbles

• Water-filled cavities

• Crystalline structures

How are pyroclastic deposits primarily classified?

• By their size and relative abundance of glass, crystals, and rock fragments

• By their location and eruption type

• By their size and mineral content

• By their color and texture

What is the term for large pyroclastic fragments that were partially molten when erupted?

• Blocks

• Bombs

• Lapilli

• Ash

Which type of pyroclastic deposit is characterized by poor sorting and a range of fragment sizes?

• Pyroclastic fall deposits

• Tephra deposits

• Pyroclastic flow deposits

• Lahar deposits

What is a key difference between pyroclastic fall and flow deposits?

• Flow deposits are well-sorted, while fall deposits are poorly sorted.

• Flow deposits are always larger than fall deposits.

• Fall deposits are always larger than flow deposits.

• Fall deposits are well-sorted, while flow deposits are poorly sorted.

Which type of eruption is characterized by a high eruption column and widespread ash distribution?

• Vulcanian eruption

• Plinian eruption

• Hawaiian eruption

• Strombolian eruption

What triggers a phreatomagmatic explosion?

• Contact of magma with other magma

• Contact of magma with water

• Contact of magma with solid rock

• Contact of magma with air