What is the goal of route filtering

Controls which route advertisements received from a peer are accepted and which are advertised.

To simplify the routing protocols used by routers.

To increase the number of routes in a network.

To enhance the speed of data transmission between routers.

Explain the two distinct functional components of a router: data plane and control plane.

The data plane forwards packets, while the control plane makes routing decisions.

The data plane manages network security, while the control plane handles physical connections.

The data plane is responsible for network monitoring, and the control plane deals with user authentication.

The data plane stores routing tables, while the control plane forwards packets.

What is the format of IPv4 addresses and the common notation used to represent them?

The format of IPv4 32-bit addresses is four octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1) in dotted-decimal notation.

Eight 4-bit segments in hexadecimal notation

Five octets in comma-separated format

What is the format of IPv6 addresses and the common notation used to represent them?

The format of 128 bit IPv6 addresses is eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, commonly represented in colon-separated notation.

Eight groups of three decimal digits

Six groups of five hexadecimal digits

128 bit long, four groups of eight binary digits

MAtch the type of IP address to its definition

single device intended as the receiver

special case in which the same unicast address is assigned to multiple devices.

multiple hosts intended as receivers

all hosta and routers conneted to a subnet intended as receivers (IPV4 only)

How are link-local IPv6 addresses assigned to a router's physical interface?

Link-local IPv6 addresses are assigned automatically based on the MAC address of the interface.

Link-local IPv6 addresses are assigned based on the router's location in the network.

Link-local IPv6 addresses are derived from the router's hostname.

Link-local IPv6 addresses are assigned manually by the network administrator.

Why do routers need to have interfaces connected to multiple subnets?

Routers connect to multiple subnets to enable communication between different network segments.

Routers do not need interfaces for communication between subnets.

Routers are used to increase the speed of a single subnet.

Routers only connect to a single subnet for simplicity.

What are the two main types of interfaces on a Nokia 7750 SR?

Wi-Fi interfaces and Bluetooth interfaces

Fiber interfaces and Coaxial interfaces

USB interfaces and Serial interfaces

Can all interface types be associated with IP addresses?

Yes, both logical and physical types can be associated with IP addresses.

Only some interface types can be associated with IP addresses.

No, not all interface types can be associated with IP addresses.

All interface types require an IP address to function.

What are the use cases for logical interfaces?

Use cases for logical interfaces include to identify the router itself or emulate the existance of adjacent subnetworks.

What is the goal of creating a static route?

The goal of creating a static route is to manually specify a path for data packets in a network.

To enhance the security of a network by blocking all traffic.

To automatically configure network devices without user input.

To dynamically adjust routes based on network congestion.

What are the main differences between a static route and a dynamic route?

Static routes are fixed and require manual configuration; dynamic routes are automatically updated by routing protocols.

Static routes can change based on network conditions; dynamic routes remain fixed.

Dynamic routes are less secure than static routes and are not used in production environments.

Static routes are automatically updated by routing protocols; dynamic routes require manual configuration.

What are the different optiosn regarding what to do when packets have a destination IP address that matches a prefix of a static route?

Forward the packet according to the longest prefix match in the static route.

Send the packet to a default gateway.

Drop the packet without any action.

adjacent router to which relevant packets will be forwarded is specified explicitly

adjacent router to which relevant packets will be forwarded is specified indirectly by pointing to a known next hop

packets that match the static route prefix are silently discarded. (ICMP destination unreachable message)

Is there any way to add redundancy to a static route?

Yes, by configuring multiple static routes with different next-hop addresses and different metric valuse for them

Static routes cannot be modified once set.

By using dynamic routing protocols only.

Redundancy is only possible with default routes.

What are the failure detection options available for static routes?

Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD)

ICMP ping checks, routing protocol integration, and tracking features.

Customer premises equipment check

Static route metrics adjustment

How are static routes for IPv6 prefixes configured?

Configure static routes using 'static-route ' command.

Use the command 'ipv6 add ' in configuration mode.

Use the command 'ipv6 route ' in configuration mode.

Set static routes with 'ip route ipv6 ' in global mode.

Can static routes for IPv6 prefixes be configured using a neighbor's link-local IPv6 address as the next hop?

Yes, but the interface must be specified.

Yes, but only global IPv6 addresses are allowed.

No, static routes must use a public IPv4 address.

No, link-local addresses cannot be used.

What is the difference between an interior gateway protocol and an exterior gateway protocol?

IGPs operate within an AS; EGPs operate between ASes.

EGPs are used for local routing only.

IGPs can connect multiple ASes.

How are interior gateway protocols subdivided?

Distance-vector and link-state protocols

Unicast and multicast protocols

Application and transport protocols

What type of information is shared among routers running a distance-vector protocol and how is it propogated throughout the routing domain?

Neighboring routers periodically exchange copies of their routing tables.

When a router learns aobut a previously unknown network, it will add it to its routing table with the advertising neighbor as the next-hop

Only the total number of routers in the network, shared through direct connections.

Complete routing tables sent to all routers at once, without updates.

Only the IP addresses of neighboring routers, propagated through manual configuration.

What type of information is shared among routers running a link-state protocol?

Link-state information about the state and cost of links and neighboring routers.

User access permissions for the network.

Configuration settings of the routers.

Routing tables of neighboring routers.

How is information propogated throughout the routing domain using a link-state protocol?

Information is propagated through LSAs using the shortest path tree (SPF), allowing routers to build a complete network topology.

Information is propagated through periodic updates from a central server.

Routers exchange information using distance-vector updates.

Each router sends its entire routing table to all other routers.

What databases are maintained by a router running a link-state protocol?

Adjaceny, Link-State Database (LSDB) and Forwarding Database

Routing Protocol Database and Configuration Table

Forwarding Table and Neighbor Table

What information is stored in the link-state database?

The network topology and state of links between routers.

The routing protocols used by each router.

The IP addresses of all routers in the network.

The bandwidth of each link between routers.

How is it ensured that all routers in the network get identical copies of the link-state database?

Routers flood link-state advertisements (LSAs) to ensure identical copies of the link-state database.

Each router manually configures its own link-state database.

Routers rely on periodic updates from neighboring routers to synchronize the database.

Routers use a centralized server to distribute the link-state database.

What optimizations were introduced by link state protocols and why?

Link state protocols elect a designated router on the broadcast interfaces.

Link state protocols divide the entire routing domain into smaller areas

Link state protocols are slower than distance vector protocols.

Link state protocols only use full routing tables for updates.

What are the basic configuration steps required to enable IS-IS on a router?

The router needs a router ID, associated with an area and interfaces need to be added to the IS-IS context.

Set up IS-IS by adding 'router isis' in the routing table.

Add the router id to the IS-IS context

The router needs to be associated with an area and interfaces need to be added to the IS-IS context.

What happens if a router ID is not explicitly configured?

The system ID is derived from the system IP address. If the system IP address is not configured, then the system ID is set to the chassis MAC address.

The router will not function without a configured router ID.

The router uses the lowest IP address of its interfaces as the router ID.

The router ID is automatically set to zero if not configured.

What are the IS-IS adjacency states between routers?

Connected, Listening, Active, Idle

Established, Active, Inactive, Disconnected

What election criteris does IS-IS use to elect the DIS?

Highest priority value; in case of a tie, highest MAC address

Lowest priority value; in case of a tie, lowest system ID.

Random selection among all routers.

Round-robin selection based on router names.

What happens when a router joins a broadcast interface with a higher priority than the existing DIS?

The router becomes the new DIS.

The router takes over the entire network.

The router causes a network outage.

The router is ignored by the DIS.

What type of information is shared among L1 capable routers?

Topology and IP reachabiity in their own area

Routing tables of all network devices.

Firewall rules and security policies.

User access credentials for the network.

How do L2 capable routers help L1 capable routers send packets to destinations in other areas?

L2 routers advertise that they are attached. L1 routers install a default route pointing to the L2 router.

L1 capable routers directly manage data link layer functions themselves.

L2 capable routers only provide physical layer support to L1 routers.

L2 capable routers do not interact with L1 capable routers at all.

What happens when LFA calculation is enabled for IS-IS?

LFA calculation enables the computation of loop-free backup paths in IS-IS.

LFA calculation reduces the number of routers in the IS-IS network.

LFA calculation disables all backup paths in IS-IS.

LFA calculation only affects OSPF routing protocols.

What happens when IP fast reroute is enabled?

IP fast reroute allows for quick rerouting of traffic in case of link or node failure.

IP fast reroute disables all traffic until the failure is resolved.

IP fast reroute only works for wireless connections.

IP fast reroute increases latency during traffic flow.

What is the difference using IS-IS in native versus multi-topology mode for IPv6?

In native mode, all links assume to support IPv4 and IPv6 routing; in multi-topology mode, it supports separate topology maps for each type of prefix.

In native mode, IS-IS requires additional configuration for IPv6; in multi-topology mode, it simplifies the routing process.

In native mode, IS-IS uses a single routing topology for all services; in multi-topology mode, it cannot handle multiple topologies.

In native mode, IS-IS only supports IPv4 routing; in multi-topology mode, it does not support IPv6.

Nokia IS-IS 4A0-112

Authored by Christel Schmidt

Business

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is the role of a router in an IP network

To store data packets for later use.

To connect devices within the same network.

The role of a router in an IP network is to route data packets between different networks.

To provide internet access to all devices.

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

What type of addresses are reelvant for a packet to go from its original source to its intended final destination?

Source MAC address and Destination MAC address for hop-by-hop forwarding

Source Port and Destination Port for end-to-end addressing

Source URL and Destination URL for hop-by-hop forwarding

Source IP address and Destination IP address for end-to-end addressing

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

How does a router know how to forward IP packets?

Routers forward IP packets using ARP and neighbor discovery to get the next-hop MAC address.

Routers use a random selection process to forward packets.

Routers rely solely on the size of the packets to determine forwarding.

Routers forward IP packets based on routing tables and destination IP address analysis.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What happens if multipole protocols discover paths to the same prefix?

All paths are discarded except the first one discovered.

Each routing protocol sends its best routes to the routing table manager (RTM) which selects based on preference.

All paths are treated equally and used simultaneously.

The system crashes due to conflicting paths.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

how does a router populate its routing table?

A router populates its routing table through direct connections, static routes, and dynamic routing protocols.

A router populates its routing table only through manual configuration.

A router uses only the internet to populate its routing table.

A router relies solely on user input to update its routing table.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is ECMP?

Equal-Cost Single-Path routing (ECSP)

Equal-Cost Multi-Path routing (ECMP)

Multi-Path Equal-Cost routing (MPECR)

Cost-Based Multi-Path routing (CBMPR)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

How does ECMP determine what path to forward packets to?

ECMP forwards packets based on the source IP address only.

ECMP uses a round-robin method to distribute packets.

ECMP selects paths randomly without considering packet fields.

ECMP forwards packets based on a hash of packet fields to select among multiple equal-cost paths.

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