Understanding Research Fundamentals

What are the four levels of measurement in research?

• Theoretical, Practical, Empirical, Analytical

• Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

• Qualitative, Quantitative, Descriptive, Experimental

• Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Which of the following is accurate?

• Null hypothesis (H0): A difference exists; Alternative hypothesis (H1): No difference.

• Null hypothesis (H0): There is an effect; Alternative hypothesis (H1): No effect.

• Null hypothesis (H0): No effect or difference; Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is an effect or difference.

• Null hypothesis (H0): Random chance; Alternative hypothesis (H1): Systematic bias.

What is the structure of an APA 7th edition quantitative research paper?

• Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References, Appendices.

• Title Page, Summary, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Bibliography

• Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Analysis, Conclusion, References

• Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Findings, References, Appendices

Why is informed consent important in research ethics?

• Informed consent is only necessary for medical research.

• Informed consent is a form of compensation for participants.

• Informed consent is irrelevant to participant safety.

• Informed consent is important because it protects participant autonomy and ensures ethical standards in research.

What type of data is measured on a nominal scale?

• Ordinal data with a clear ranking.

• Quantitative data measured in numbers.

• Continuous data that can take any value.

• Categorical data without a specific order or ranking.

Explain the difference between a directional and non-directional hypothesis.

• A directional hypothesis is always more accurate than a non-directional hypothesis.

• A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of the effect, while a non-directional hypothesis only indicates that an effect exists without specifying its direction.

• A directional hypothesis is only used in qualitative research, whereas a non-directional hypothesis is used in quantitative research.

• A directional hypothesis states that there is no effect, while a non-directional hypothesis predicts an effect.

What sections are typically included in the results of an APA paper?

• Discussion of findings and implications.

• Literature review and background information.

• Introduction and methodology sections.

• Data presentation and statistical analyses.

How can researchers ensure confidentiality in their studies?

• Conduct interviews without consent.

• Share personal information publicly.

• Anonymize data and secure storage.

• Use unencrypted cloud storage.

The progression from general to specific ideas in a literature review is known as the _____ method

• Funnel

• Filter

• Radical

• Inductive

The framework that explains how human beings function in the world.

• Variable

• Ratio

• Time

• Theory