Malcolm Knowles

What is the term "andragogy" commonly used to describe?

• the art of teaching children

• a form of informal learning

• the theory and practice of educating adults

• an economic model based on knowledge

Which of the following is NOT one of Malcolm Knowles' Six Assumptions about adult learning?

• adults are self-directed

• adults are primarily motivated by external rewards

• adults bring life experience to the learning process

• adults are ready to learn when it is relevant to their roles in life

Which term refers to an educational philosophy promoting learning in informal contexts to build a knowledge economy?

• active learning

• learning society

• pedagogy

• self-directed learning

Why did Knowles revise the subtitle of his book The Modern Practice of Adult Education from Andragogy versus pedagogy to From pedagogy to andragogy?

• andragogy evolved from pedagogy

• pedagogy and andragogy can be used interchangeably in the classroom

• pedagogy and andragogy are opposite learning philosophies

• the term "pedagogy" is outdated

Malcolm Knowles emphasized that adults become demotivated if they are:

• given flexible learning schedules

• taught the same way as children

• engaged in problem-solving tasks

• provided with experiential learning opportunities

Roberson, McIntosh and Duff criticized Knowles for his assumptions of self-concept, self-initiative and self-directedness for what reason?

• they are too vague

• they fail to recognize the relationship between self and society

• they are not valid components of the theory of andragogy

• they are exclusionary to non-Europeans

According to Knowles, what is the key difference between children and adults in terms of their readiness to learn?

• adults learn for fun, while children learn for exams

• children are always ready to learn, while adults require external motivation

• adults are ready to learn when they perceive it as relevant to their roles

• children are self-directed learners, while adults are dependent learners

Which theorist's work influenced Knowles' idea that teachers should act as facilitators rather than direct instructors?

• Alexander Kapp

• Eduard Lindeman

• Carl Rogers

• John Dewey

According to his critics, Knowles' assumption that adult learners are self-directed could overlook which of the following factors?

• cultural and societal influences on learning

• the impact of financial incentives on motivation

• the role of formal assessment in learning

• the important of passive learning techniques

According to Knowles' theory, which of the following is NOT an example of internal motivation (internal satisfaction related to learning)?

• taking trainings for job security

• higher self-esteem

• salary increases

• recognition from peers