What is learning defined as in psychology?

• Any temporary change in behavior.

• A change in behavior due to biological maturation.

• A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

• A change in thinking patterns over time.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus that naturally produces a response?

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

• Unconditioned Response (UCR)

• Neutral Stimulus (NS)

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

What element must be present for an NS to become a CS in classical conditioning?

• The NS must follow the UCS immediately.

• The NS must be paired with the UCS multiple times.

• The NS must cause an involuntary response on its own.

• The NS should only be presented occasionally.

If a bell (CS) is repeatedly rung but no food (UCS) is presented, which of the following is likely to occur?

• Acquisition

• Spontaneous recovery

• Extinction

• Generalization

Which of the following best illustrates stimulus generalization?

• A dog salivates to a bell but not to other sounds.

• A dog stops salivating after the UCS is removed.

• A dog salivates to sounds that are similar to the original bell.

• A dog learns to salivate only to a specific tone of bell.

In classical conditioning, what term describes the reappearance of a previously extinguished response?

• Stimulus generalization

• Extinction

• Spontaneous recovery

• Stimulus discrimination

What term is used for learning that involves associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

• Operant Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning

• Latent Learning

• Cognitive Learning

In which scenario would vicarious conditioning most likely occur?

• A child learns to fear dogs after watching another child express fear.

• A dog learns to salivate to a bell after repeated pairings with food.

• A student completes homework to avoid being punished.

• A rat navigates a maze with no reward until the end.

What did Watson demonstrate through the Little Albert experiment?

• That reflexes are innate and unchangeable.

• That emotions can be conditioned responses.

• That conditioning only applies to animals.

• That conditioned responses cannot be generalized.

In operant conditioning, what term describes adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior?

• Negative Reinforcement

• Positive Reinforcement

• Punishment

• Extinction