Understanding Heart Structure and Function

How many chambers are there in the heart?

• Two

• Three

• Four

• Five

Answer explanation

The human heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. This structure allows for efficient circulation of blood throughout the body, making 'Four' the correct answer.

Why are red blood cells (Erythrocytes) biconcave disks?

• To increase their surface area for gas exchange

• To make them more flexible

• To allow them to carry more nutrients

• To enable them to move faster

Answer explanation

Red blood cells are biconcave disks to increase their surface area for gas exchange. This shape allows for more efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, which is crucial for their primary function in the body.

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

• It pumps blood to the lungs

• It pumps blood to the entire body

• It receives blood from the body

• It receives blood from the lungs

Answer explanation

The left ventricle is thicker because it pumps blood to the entire body, requiring more force to overcome the higher resistance in systemic circulation, unlike the right ventricle, which only pumps blood to the lungs.

Why are the walls of the atria much thinner than the walls of the ventricles?

• Atria only receive blood

• Atria pump blood to the entire body

• Atria pump blood to the lungs

• Atria pump blood to the ventricles

Answer explanation

The atria pump blood to the ventricles, which only requires a lower pressure, allowing their walls to be thinner. In contrast, ventricles must generate higher pressure to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.

The structure of cardiac muscle is (a)   and involuntary.

• It is smooth and involuntary
• It is striated and voluntary
• It is striated and involuntary
• It is smooth and voluntary

Answer explanation

Cardiac muscle is striated, indicating a regular arrangement of fibers, which allows for efficient contraction. It is involuntary, meaning it functions automatically, essential for the heart's continuous pumping action.

List, in order, all the chambers and vessels that blood passes through on one complete passage through both sides of the heart.

• Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

• Left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery

• Right ventricle, right atrium, aorta, left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary artery

• Left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary artery, right ventricle, right atrium, aorta

What happens to a) the volume and b) the pressure in the ventricles when they contract?

• Volume increases, pressure decreases

• Volume decreases, pressure increases

• Volume increases, pressure increases

• Volume decreases, pressure decreases

Answer explanation

When the ventricles contract, they push blood out, causing the volume to decrease. This contraction increases the pressure within the ventricles, making 'Volume decreases, pressure increases' the correct choice.

Why are we said to have double circulation?

• Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle

• Blood circulates twice as fast

• Blood is oxygenated twice

• Blood is deoxygenated twice

Answer explanation

We have double circulation because blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle: once to the lungs for oxygenation and once to the rest of the body to deliver oxygen. This ensures efficient oxygen transport.

Explain how a semilunar valve allows blood to flow through in one direction but not in the other direction.

• It opens and closes based on pressure differences

• It is controlled by nerve signals

• It is always open

• It is always closed

Answer explanation

The semilunar valve opens and closes based on pressure differences between the heart chambers and the arteries. When pressure in the heart exceeds that in the arteries, the valve opens, allowing blood to flow out, preventing backflow when pressure drops.

Cardiac rhythm is established by _____ node.

Answer explanation

The cardiac rhythm is primarily established by the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses that regulate heartbeats.