Text 3 Government policies often favor urban over rural areas in ways that both push and pull people into the cities. Developing countries commonly spend most of their budgets on improving urban areas. This gives the major cities a monopoly on new jobs, housing, education and opportunities. All of these bring in rural people searching for a better life. Lima, for example, has only 20% of Peru's population but has 50% of the national wealth, 60% of the manufacturing, 65% of the retail trade, 73% of the industrial wages, and 90% of all banking in the country. Similar statistics pertain to Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Manila, Cairo, Lagos, Bogota, and a host of other cities. Governments often manipulate exchange rates and food prices for the benefit of more politically powerful urban population but at the expense of rural people. Importing lower- priced food may benefit city residents, but local farmers then find it uneconomical to grow crops. As a result, an increased number of people leave rural areas to become part of a large urban workforce. This can keep wages down and industrial production high. Zambia, for instance, sets maize prices below the cost of local production to discourage farming and to maintain a large pool of workers for the mines. Keeping the currency exchange rate high stimulates export trade but makes it difficult for small farmers to buy the fuels, machinery, fertilizers, and seeds. This depresses rural employment and rural income, yet it stimulates the urban economy. The effect is to transfer wealth from the country to the city. If the government had not intervened, the number of maize farmers would have remained stable. Q ; Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about growing maize in Zambia?

It is no longer profitable, so these farmers become miners.

The cost to grow corn is so high that these farmers have stopped growing it.

The farmers can establish the selling price of the corn they harvest.

The government of Zambia provides subsidies to encourage corn farmers.

The government completely prohibits corn from being farmed.

Text 3 Government policies often favor urban over rural areas in ways that both push and pull people into the cities. Developing countries commonly spend most of their budgets on improving urban areas. This gives the major cities a monopoly on new jobs, housing, education and opportunities. All of these bring in rural people searching for a better life. Lima, for example, has only 20% of Peru's population but has 50% of the national wealth, 60% of the manufacturing, 65% of the retail trade, 73% of the industrial wages, and 90% of all banking in the country. Similar statistics pertain to Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Manila, Cairo, Lagos, Bogota, and a host of other cities. Governments often manipulate exchange rates and food prices for the benefit of more politically powerful urban population but at the expense of rural people. Importing lower- priced food may benefit city residents, but local farmers then find it uneconomical to grow crops. As a result, an increased number of people leave rural areas to become part of a large urban workforce. This can keep wages down and industrial production high. Zambia, for instance, sets maize prices below the cost of local production to discourage farming and to maintain a large pool of workers for the mines. Keeping the currency exchange rate high stimulates export trade but makes it difficult for small farmers to buy the fuels, machinery, fertilizers, and seeds. This depresses rural employment and rural income, yet it stimulates the urban economy. The effect is to transfer wealth from the country to the city. If the government had not intervened, the number of maize farmers would have remained stable. Q ; According to the passage, why are corn prices in Zambia very cheap?

Farmers are conditioned to stop farming and work on mining

The government wants people in Zambia to consume more corn

The wealth from the rural areas needs to be transferred.

The cost of production is exceptionally low.

The pool of workers demands lower prices.

Text 3 Government policies often favor urban over rural areas in ways that both push and pull people into the cities. Developing countries commonly spend most of their budgets on improving urban areas. This gives the major cities a monopoly on new jobs, housing, education and opportunities. All of these bring in rural people searching for a better life. Lima, for example, has only 20% of Peru's population but has 50% of the national wealth, 60% of the manufacturing, 65% of the retail trade, 73% of the industrial wages, and 90% of all banking in the country. Similar statistics pertain to Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Manila, Cairo, Lagos, Bogota, and a host of other cities. Governments often manipulate exchange rates and food prices for the benefit of more politically powerful urban population but at the expense of rural people. Importing lower- priced food may benefit city residents, but local farmers then find it uneconomical to grow crops. As a result, an increased number of people leave rural areas to become part of a large urban workforce. This can keep wages down and industrial production high. Zambia, for instance, sets maize prices below the cost of local production to discourage farming and to maintain a large pool of workers for the mines. Keeping the currency exchange rate high stimulates export trade but makes it difficult for small farmers to buy the fuels, machinery, fertilizers, and seeds. This depresses rural employment and rural income, yet it stimulates the urban economy. The effect is to transfer wealth from the country to the city. If the government had not intervened, the number of maize farmers would have remained stable. Q ; In paragraph 1, why does the author include some names of other cities like Sao Paulo, Manila and Mexico City?

To show that the conditions found in Lima are not unique among cities in developing countries

To present statistical data related to housing, employment, and education in some cities

To report the conditions of certain cities can learn from them

To solve problems found in capital cities of African, South American, and Asian countries

To raise people's awareness about the unusual conditions worldwide

Text 3 Government policies often favor urban over rural areas in ways that both push and pull people into the cities. Developing countries commonly spend most of their budgets on improving urban areas. This gives the major cities a monopoly on new jobs, housing, education and opportunities. All of these bring in rural people searching for a better life. Lima, for example, has only 20% of Peru's population but has 50% of the national wealth, 60% of the manufacturing, 65% of the retail trade, 73% of the industrial wages, and 90% of all banking in the country. Similar statistics pertain to Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Manila, Cairo, Lagos, Bogota, and a host of other cities. Governments often manipulate exchange rates and food prices for the benefit of more politically powerful urban population but at the expense of rural people. Importing lower- priced food may benefit city residents, but local farmers then find it uneconomical to grow crops. As a result, an increased number of people leave rural areas to become part of a large urban workforce. This can keep wages down and industrial production high. Zambia, for instance, sets maize prices below the cost of local production to discourage farming and to maintain a large pool of workers for the mines. Keeping the currency exchange rate high stimulates export trade but makes it difficult for small farmers to buy the fuels, machinery, fertilizers, and seeds. This depresses rural employment and rural income, yet it stimulates the urban economy. The effect is to transfer wealth from the country to the city. If the government had not intervened, the number of maize farmers would have remained stable. Q ; According to the passage, which of the following about Lima is FALSE?

It is the only city that has a monopoly on facilities and opportunities.

50% of Peru's national wealth belongs to Lima

Lima has only one fifth of Peru's population.

Five owns the majority of banking in Peru.

27% of Peru's industrial wages does not belong to Lima.

From Lagos and Lahore to London, it’s the poorest people who are most affected by air pollution. The poor tend to be priced out of the leafy suburbs where there are fewer highways and air quality is better. Air pollution is caused by harmful particulates and gases released into the air. It leads to premature death from heart disease, stroke, and cancer, and acute lower respiratory infections. In 2016 the World Health Organization estimated 7 million dead globally because of indoor and outdoor air pollution Most recorded air pollution-linked deaths occur in developing countries. In these countries, laws are weak or not applied, vehicle emission standards are less strict and coal power stations more common. In the big cities of developing countries, it’s the poorest live in cramped normal settlements. These settlements are often near polluted rubbish dumps. Nairobi in Kenya is just one example. The huge smoldering dump site in Dandora lies right next to schools, churches, clinics and shops. The daily exposure to toxic fumes from the dump affects the people’s overall well-being and health. In informal settlements, indoor air pollution is also a problem. In cities and rural areas, low indoor air quality is a result of burning wood, charcoal, kerosene inside poor ventilated homes. Again, the most vulnerable suffer the most. They cannot afford cleaner fuels or alternative technologies. Q ; Which of the following is most likely the topic of the paragraph following this passage?

Helping the poor improve air quality

The influence of air and water pollution on the poor

The effect of air pollution on the economy

Outdoor air pollution in the cities

Climate change and its consequences

From Lagos and Lahore to London, it’s the poorest people who are most affected by air pollution. The poor tend to be priced out of the leafy suburbs where there are fewer highways and air quality is better. Air pollution is caused by harmful particulates and gases released into the air. It leads to premature death from heart disease, stroke, and cancer, and acute lower respiratory infections. In 2016 the World Health Organization estimated 7 million dead globally because of indoor and outdoor air pollution Most recorded air pollution-linked deaths occur in developing countries. In these countries, laws are weak or not applied, vehicle emission standards are less strict and coal power stations more common. In the big cities of developing countries, it’s the poorest live in cramped normal settlements. These settlements are often near polluted rubbish dumps. Nairobi in Kenya is just one example. The huge smoldering dump site in Dandora lies right next to schools, churches, clinics and shops. The daily exposure to toxic fumes from the dump affects the people’s overall well-being and health. In informal settlements, indoor air pollution is also a problem. In cities and rural areas, low indoor air quality is a result of burning wood, charcoal, kerosene inside poor ventilated homes. Again, the most vulnerable suffer the most. They cannot afford cleaner fuels or alternative technologies. Q ; Which sentence is closest in meaning to the first sentence in the second paragraph?

The release of dangerous particulates and gases results in air pollution

The hazardous gases and pollution are caused by harmful particulates.

Air pollution releases unsafe particulates and gases into the air.

Air pollution is harmful because of the particulates and gases.

Toxic gases and dangerous matters are produced by air pollution

From Lagos and Lahore to London, it’s the poorest people who are most affected by air pollution. The poor tend to be priced out of the leafy suburbs where there are fewer highways and air quality is better. Air pollution is caused by harmful particulates and gases released into the air. It leads to premature death from heart disease, stroke, and cancer, and acute lower respiratory infections. In 2016 the World Health Organization estimated 7 million dead globally because of indoor and outdoor air pollution Most recorded air pollution-linked deaths occur in developing countries. In these countries, laws are weak or not applied, vehicle emission standards are less strict and coal power stations more common. In the big cities of developing countries, it’s the poorest live in cramped normal settlements. These settlements are often near polluted rubbish dumps. Nairobi in Kenya is just one example. The huge smoldering dump site in Dandora lies right next to schools, churches, clinics and shops. The daily exposure to toxic fumes from the dump affects the people’s overall well-being and health. In informal settlements, indoor air pollution is also a problem. In cities and rural areas, low indoor air quality is a result of burning wood, charcoal, kerosene inside poor ventilated homes. Again, the most vulnerable suffer the most. They cannot afford cleaner fuels or alternative technologies. Q ; Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

Why Air Pollution Hurts the Poorest Most

Air Pollution in the Developing Countries

Health Hazard Caused by Air Pollution

1.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 1

Working in Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, is hard. Besides long working hours, Jakartan workers have to face the notorious long commuting times and traffic jams.

For working mothers, it is even harder. In the end, research finds, they must let their career go due to the huge costs they have to bear.

Women quitting their jobs after having a family is an everyday story in Indonesia. One main reason is the expense of going from their houses in the suburbs to offices in the city centre. The commuting cost is high, particularly for young middle-class families, as they usually choose to live on the outskirts of Jakarta to obtain a decent house at an affordable price. Based on the latest data from the World Bank, transportation costs in Jakarta account for almost 40% of the average salary. It is higher than Singapore and China, where transportation costs only account for 3% and 7%, respectively.

The gender norm that requires married women to look after the households magnifies the cost for women and, as a result, women choose to leave the labor market. Women have a more complex commuting pattern due to their dual roles. In a day, women could make several trips, from dropping and picking up children from school or childcare centers to shopping and going to work. In a recent qualitative study of married women with young children in Greater Jakarta, long commuting time was found to add to the opportunity cost for women to have a career. The opportunity cost means the value of time that women must give up at home to join the workforce. The lack of policies supporting mothers drives such high opportunity cost. Current policies provide only short maternity leave and there is a lack of trusted childcare services and flexible working arrangements.

Adapted

from:https://theconversation.com

Q ; In which course would this passage most probably be an assigned reading?

Macroeconomics

Gender studies

Urban planning

Human resources

Maternal health

2.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 1

Working in Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, is hard. Besides long working hours, Jakartan workers have to face the notorious long commuting times and traffic jams.

For working mothers, it is even harder. In the end, research finds, they must let their career go due to the huge costs they have to bear.

Women quitting their jobs after having a family is an everyday story in Indonesia. One main reason is the expense of going from their houses in the suburbs to offices in the city centre. The commuting cost is high, particularly for young middle-class families, as they usually choose to live on the outskirts of Jakarta to obtain a decent house at an affordable price. Based on the latest data from the World Bank, transportation costs in Jakarta account for almost 40% of the average salary. It is higher than Singapore and China, where transportation costs only account for 3% and 7%, respectively.

The gender norm that requires married women to look after the households magnifies the cost for women and, as a result, women choose to leave the labor market. Women have a more complex commuting pattern due to their dual roles. In a day, women could make several trips, from dropping and picking up children from school or childcare centers to shopping and going to work. In a recent qualitative study of married women with young children in Greater Jakarta, long commuting time was found to add to the opportunity cost for women to have a career. The opportunity cost means the value of time that women must give up at home to join the workforce. The lack of policies supporting mothers drives such high opportunity cost. Current policies provide only short maternity leave and there is a lack of trusted childcare services and flexible working arrangements.

Adapted

from:https://theconversation.com

Q ; Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about working mothers in Jakarta?

Their dual roles severely impact both the mother and the child.

They expect their parents to help take care of their children.

It is impossible for them to have a promising career while raising a child.

In reality, they would rather stay at home than have a career.

Reducing transportation costs might help increase their participation in the labor market.

3.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 1

Working in Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, is hard. Besides long working hours, Jakartan workers have to face the notorious long commuting times and traffic jams.

For working mothers, it is even harder. In the end, research finds, they must let their career go due to the huge costs they have to bear.

Women quitting their jobs after having a family is an everyday story in Indonesia. One main reason is the expense of going from their houses in the suburbs to offices in the city centre. The commuting cost is high, particularly for young middle-class families, as they usually choose to live on the outskirts of Jakarta to obtain a decent house at an affordable price. Based on the latest data from the World Bank, transportation costs in Jakarta account for almost 40% of the average salary. It is higher than Singapore and China, where transportation costs only account for 3% and 7%, respectively.

The gender norm that requires married women to look after the households magnifies the cost for women and, as a result, women choose to leave the labor market. Women have a more complex commuting pattern due to their dual roles. In a day, women could make several trips, from dropping and picking up children from school or childcare centers to shopping and going to work. In a recent qualitative study of married women with young children in Greater Jakarta, long commuting time was found to add to the opportunity cost for women to have a career. The opportunity cost means the value of time that women must give up at home to join the workforce. The lack of policies supporting mothers drives such high opportunity cost. Current policies provide only short maternity leave and there is a lack of trusted childcare services and flexible working arrangements.

Adapted

from:https://theconversation.comAccording to the passage,

Q ; which of the following is TRUE of working mothers in Jakarta?

Childcare services are not popular among them because they are unaffordable.

They have to bear not only monetary costs but also opportunity costs.

It is common for them to stay at their job after having children.

Their salary is insufficient to buy a decent house or to pay for commuting expenses.

They are expected to prioritize their careers over their families.

4.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 1

Working in Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, is hard. Besides long working hours, Jakartan workers have to face the notorious long commuting times and traffic jams.

For working mothers, it is even harder. In the end, research finds, they must let their career go due to the huge costs they have to bear.

Women quitting their jobs after having a family is an everyday story in Indonesia. One main reason is the expense of going from their houses in the suburbs to offices in the city centre. The commuting cost is high, particularly for young middle-class families, as they usually choose to live on the outskirts of Jakarta to obtain a decent house at an affordable price. Based on the latest data from the World Bank, transportation costs in Jakarta account for almost 40% of the average salary. It is higher than Singapore and China, where transportation costs only account for 3% and 7%, respectively.

The gender norm that requires married women to look after the households magnifies the cost for women and, as a result, women choose to leave the labor market. Women have a more complex commuting pattern due to their dual roles. In a day, women could make several trips, from dropping and picking up children from school or childcare centers to shopping and going to work. In a recent qualitative study of married women with young children in Greater Jakarta, long commuting time was found to add to the opportunity cost for women to have a career. The opportunity cost means the value of time that women must give up at home to join the workforce. The lack of policies supporting mothers drives such high opportunity cost. Current policies provide only short maternity leave and there is a lack of trusted childcare services and flexible working arrangements.

Adapted

from:https://theconversation.com

Q ; The following reasons for women to leave the labor market are stated in the passage, EXCEPT

childcare is more important than their careers

the transportation cost is too high

women are expected to take care of the family

women's commuting pattern is complicated

policies that support women are lacking

5.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 1

Working in Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, is hard. Besides long working hours, Jakartan workers have to face the notorious long commuting times and traffic jams.

For working mothers, it is even harder. In the end, research finds, they must let their career go due to the huge costs they have to bear.

Women quitting their jobs after having a family is an everyday story in Indonesia. One main reason is the expense of going from their houses in the suburbs to offices in the city centre. The commuting cost is high, particularly for young middle-class families, as they usually choose to live on the outskirts of Jakarta to obtain a decent house at an affordable price. Based on the latest data from the World Bank, transportation costs in Jakarta account for almost 40% of the average salary. It is higher than Singapore and China, where transportation costs only account for 3% and 7%, respectively.

The gender norm that requires married women to look after the households magnifies the cost for women and, as a result, women choose to leave the labor market. Women have a more complex commuting pattern due to their dual roles. In a day, women could make several trips, from dropping and picking up children from school or childcare centers to shopping and going to work. In a recent qualitative study of married women with young children in Greater Jakarta, long commuting time was found to add to the opportunity cost for women to have a career. The opportunity cost means the value of time that women must give up at home to join the workforce. The lack of policies supporting mothers drives such high opportunity cost. Current policies provide only short maternity leave and there is a lack of trusted childcare services and flexible working arrangements.

Adapted

from:https://theconversation.com

Q ; The data from the World Bank in paragraph 2 are mentioned to

show that Jakarta workers' salary is insufficient for their daily needs

present new research findings on urban transportation

illustrate the expensive transportation costs in Jakarta compared to the average salary

compare the quality of transportation in Jakarta, Singapore, and China

support the improvement of public transportation in Jakarta

6.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 2

Traditionally, the Indian woman was only a homemaker. And while there is absolutely nothing wrong in being one, the modern Indian woman is now proudly flaunting the many other facets of her personality. She is a powerhouse – fighting for her rights and making her mark in politics, business, science, sports, the arts and in society on the whole.

At the same time, like the rest of the world, India is experiencing the start-ups boom as well. All you need is a unique idea, the requisite know-how, a sound business plan, start-up finance and the willingness to work hard – and the fruition of one’s dreams is definite possibility.

In this golden age of globalization, digitalization and start-up booms, India is clearly seeing a revolution vis-à-vis women entrepreneurs. Today’s women entrepreneurs do not come only from the established business families or from the higher-income sections of the population, they come from all walks of life and from all parts of the country.

Even rural and semi-urban entrepreneurs are taking giant leaps for womankind. A Kashmiri girl created ‘Dial Kashmir’ – an app that became the much-needed digital yellow pages in Kashmir. India’s first surfing club was started by a young woman, who followed her heart all the way out to the ocean. From promoting small cottage industry crafts to founding organic food companies and initiating new-age education modules – women across India are turning their dreams into reality with determination and diligence.

Not only that, women are now breaking the glass ceiling consistently. From running sports media firms to construction companies and security and detective agencies – women are dabbling into fields that have traditionally been defenders of male domination. Being an entrepreneur, however, isn’t easy. Start-ups come with their own set of obstacles and issues. Women in particular have a bigger mountain to climb, far more challenges to overcome.

Adapte from:http://www.businessworld.in

Q ; According to the passage, Indian women.

have not recently made significant changes in the Indian society

used to have a traditional role as a breadwinner

are participating more in male dominated fields

refuse to be agents of change in India

do not want to be entrepreneurship

7.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 2

Traditionally, the Indian woman was only a homemaker. And while there is absolutely nothing wrong in being one, the modern Indian woman is now proudly flaunting the many other facets of her personality. She is a powerhouse – fighting for her rights and making her mark in politics, business, science, sports, the arts and in society on the whole.

At the same time, like the rest of the world, India is experiencing the start-ups boom as well. All you need is a unique idea, the requisite know-how, a sound business plan, start-up finance and the willingness to work hard – and the fruition of one’s dreams is definite possibility.

In this golden age of globalization, digitalization and start-up booms, India is clearly seeing a revolution vis-à-vis women entrepreneurs. Today’s women entrepreneurs do not come only from the established business families or from the higher-income sections of the population, they come from all walks of life and from all parts of the country.

Even rural and semi-urban entrepreneurs are taking giant leaps for womankind. A Kashmiri girl created ‘Dial Kashmir’ – an app that became the much-needed digital yellow pages in Kashmir. India’s first surfing club was started by a young woman, who followed her heart all the way out to the ocean. From promoting small cottage industry crafts to founding organic food companies and initiating new-age education modules – women across India are turning their dreams into reality with determination and diligence.

Not only that, women are now breaking the glass ceiling consistently. From running sports media firms to construction companies and security and detective agencies – women are dabbling into fields that have traditionally been defenders of male domination. Being an entrepreneur, however, isn’t easy. Start-ups come with their own set of obstacles and issues. Women in particular have a bigger mountain to climb, far more challenges to overcome.

Adapte from:http://www.businessworld.in

Q ; The writer mentions 'A Kashmiri girl' in order to

support the information in the previous sentence by giving an example

show kinds of products Indian women can see on yellow pages

explain how app-based advertisements created by a woman operate

clarify the role of women entrepreneurs in India

provide information what an Indian girl can do with technology

8.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 2

Traditionally, the Indian woman was only a homemaker. And while there is absolutely nothing wrong in being one, the modern Indian woman is now proudly flaunting the many other facets of her personality. She is a powerhouse – fighting for her rights and making her mark in politics, business, science, sports, the arts and in society on the whole.

At the same time, like the rest of the world, India is experiencing the start-ups boom as well. All you need is a unique idea, the requisite know-how, a sound business plan, start-up finance and the willingness to work hard – and the fruition of one’s dreams is definite possibility.

In this golden age of globalization, digitalization and start-up booms, India is clearly seeing a revolution vis-à-vis women entrepreneurs. Today’s women entrepreneurs do not come only from the established business families or from the higher-income sections of the population, they come from all walks of life and from all parts of the country.

Even rural and semi-urban entrepreneurs are taking giant leaps for womankind. A Kashmiri girl created ‘Dial Kashmir’ – an app that became the much-needed digital yellow pages in Kashmir. India’s first surfing club was started by a young woman, who followed her heart all the way out to the ocean. From promoting small cottage industry crafts to founding organic food companies and initiating new-age education modules – women across India are turning their dreams into reality with determination and diligence.

Not only that, women are now breaking the glass ceiling consistently. From running sports media firms to construction companies and security and detective agencies – women are dabbling into fields that have traditionally been defenders of male domination. Being an entrepreneur, however, isn’t easy. Start-ups come with their own set of obstacles and issues. Women in particular have a bigger mountain to climb, far more challenges to overcome.

Adapte from:http://www.businessworld.in

Q ; What does author imply by using the expression 'women are now breaking the glass ceiling' in the last paragraph?

Women may have a dream or high hope that is impossible to achieve

Women must break company regulations in order to get a high rank position.

Women conquering barriers that prevent them from rising to senior positions

Women may ever be able to earn a high position in a company owned by male

Women must compete and make self-sacrifices in their efforts to get a desired position

9.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 2

Traditionally, the Indian woman was only a homemaker. And while there is absolutely nothing wrong in being one, the modern Indian woman is now proudly flaunting the many other facets of her personality. She is a powerhouse – fighting for her rights and making her mark in politics, business, science, sports, the arts and in society on the whole.

At the same time, like the rest of the world, India is experiencing the start-ups boom as well. All you need is a unique idea, the requisite know-how, a sound business plan, start-up finance and the willingness to work hard – and the fruition of one’s dreams is definite possibility.

In this golden age of globalization, digitalization and start-up booms, India is clearly seeing a revolution vis-à-vis women entrepreneurs. Today’s women entrepreneurs do not come only from the established business families or from the higher-income sections of the population, they come from all walks of life and from all parts of the country.

Even rural and semi-urban entrepreneurs are taking giant leaps for womankind. A Kashmiri girl created ‘Dial Kashmir’ – an app that became the much-needed digital yellow pages in Kashmir. India’s first surfing club was started by a young woman, who followed her heart all the way out to the ocean. From promoting small cottage industry crafts to founding organic food companies and initiating new-age education modules – women across India are turning their dreams into reality with determination and diligence.

Not only that, women are now breaking the glass ceiling consistently. From running sports media firms to construction companies and security and detective agencies – women are dabbling into fields that have traditionally been defenders of male domination. Being an entrepreneur, however, isn’t easy. Start-ups come with their own set of obstacles and issues. Women in particular have a bigger mountain to climb, far more challenges to overcome.

Adapte from:http://www.businessworld.in

Q ; The following can be included in the meaning of 'all walks of life', except

numerous ethnic groups

various job positions

different economic status

a wide range of social groups

different physical appearances

10.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Text 2

Traditionally, the Indian woman was only a homemaker. And while there is absolutely nothing wrong in being one, the modern Indian woman is now proudly flaunting the many other facets of her personality. She is a powerhouse – fighting for her rights and making her mark in politics, business, science, sports, the arts and in society on the whole.

At the same time, like the rest of the world, India is experiencing the start-ups boom as well. All you need is a unique idea, the requisite know-how, a sound business plan, start-up finance and the willingness to work hard – and the fruition of one’s dreams is definite possibility.

In this golden age of globalization, digitalization and start-up booms, India is clearly seeing a revolution vis-à-vis women entrepreneurs. Today’s women entrepreneurs do not come only from the established business families or from the higher-income sections of the population, they come from all walks of life and from all parts of the country.

Even rural and semi-urban entrepreneurs are taking giant leaps for womankind. A Kashmiri girl created ‘Dial Kashmir’ – an app that became the much-needed digital yellow pages in Kashmir. India’s first surfing club was started by a young woman, who followed her heart all the way out to the ocean. From promoting small cottage industry crafts to founding organic food companies and initiating new-age education modules – women across India are turning their dreams into reality with determination and diligence.

Not only that, women are now breaking the glass ceiling consistently. From running sports media firms to construction companies and security and detective agencies – women are dabbling into fields that have traditionally been defenders of male domination. Being an entrepreneur, however, isn’t easy. Start-ups come with their own set of obstacles and issues. Women in particular have a bigger mountain to climb, far more challenges to overcome.

Adapte from:http://www.businessworld.in

Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?

Only educated, rich, and respectable women can establish a business in India.

Obstacles to become women entrepreneurs in India come from external factors only.

Indian women are far more superior than men in many aspects of life

There have been equal opportunities for both men and women in India to excel.

Women in India now plays more important roles especially in the business world.

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