BNFH01 - Cell Signalling

What is cell signaling?

• Cell signaling refers to the physical structure of cells.
• Cell signaling is the method by which cells reproduce.
• Cell signaling is the process of cell division.
• Cell signaling is the communication process between cells to coordinate their activities.

What is a ligand in cell signaling?

• A ligand is a molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate cell signaling.
• A ligand is a protein that degrades other molecules.
• A ligand is a cellular structure that produces hormones.
• A ligand is a type of receptor that transmits signals.

Which type of signaling involves direct contact between cells?

• Juxtacrine signaling
• Paracrine signaling
• Autocrine signaling
• Endocrine signaling

Which type of receptor is found inside the cell?

• Membrane receptors
• Enzyme-linked receptors
• G-protein coupled receptors
• Intracellular receptors

What type of receptor is involved in synaptic signaling and opens in response to a ligand?

• Ligand-gated ion channel
• Enzyme-linked receptor
• G-protein coupled receptor
• Voltage-gated ion channel

Which receptor type is activated by exchanging GDP for GTP?

• Ion channels
• Receptor tyrosine kinases
• G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
• Nuclear hormone receptors

What is the role of tyrosine kinase receptors in cell signaling?

• They phosphorylate themselves and initiate signaling pathways often related to cell growth.

• They primarily function in energy metabolism.
• They are involved in DNA replication only.
• They inhibit cell growth and differentiation.

Which nutrient can activate the mTOR pathway and enhance muscle growth?

• Leucine
• Glutamine
• Creatine
• Arginine

What impact does a ketogenic diet have on the mTOR pathway?

• A ketogenic diet enhances the mTOR pathway's activity.
• A ketogenic diet inhibits the mTOR pathway.
• A ketogenic diet activates the mTOR pathway.
• A ketogenic diet has no effect on the mTOR pathway.

Which nutrient may slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease?

• Iron
• Fiber
• Omega-3 fatty acids
• Vitamin C