What is the role of a Neutral Stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?

• Evokes a reflexive response

• Evokes no reflexive response

• Is always paired with a conditioned response

• Is the same as an unconditioned stimulus

Answer explanation

In classical conditioning, a Neutral Stimulus (NS) initially evokes no reflexive response. It becomes significant only when paired with an Unconditioned Stimulus (US) to eventually elicit a conditioned response.

In classical conditioning, what is the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

• A stimulus that evokes no response

• A stimulus that evokes a reflexive response

• A stimulus that is paired with a neutral stimulus

• A stimulus that is learned over time

Answer explanation

In classical conditioning, the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reflexive response without prior learning, making 'A stimulus that evokes a reflexive response' the correct choice.

What is the main purpose of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

• To decrease the probability of a behavior occurring again

• To increase the probability of a behavior occurring again

• To eliminate undesirable behaviors

• To pair a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus

Answer explanation

The main purpose of reinforcement in operant conditioning is to increase the probability of a behavior occurring again. This is achieved by providing a reward or positive outcome following the desired behavior.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

• Removing something desirable

• Showing something undesirable

• Adding something desirable

• Removing something undesirable

Answer explanation

Positive reinforcement involves adding something desirable to increase a behavior. In this case, 'adding something desirable' is the correct choice, as it encourages the desired action.

What is the effect of punishment in operant conditioning?

• Increases the probability of behavior occurring again

• Has no effect on behavior

• Reduces the probability of behavior occurring again

• Always results in a conditioned response

Answer explanation

In operant conditioning, punishment is used to decrease undesirable behaviors. Therefore, it reduces the probability of the behavior occurring again, making this the correct choice.

What is an example of positive reinforcement in the context of instrumental conditioning?

• Giving a child candy for doing homework

• Allowing a child to stay up late for sharing candy

• Taking away a toy for bad behavior

• Ignoring a child when they cry

Answer explanation

Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. Allowing a child to stay up late for sharing candy rewards the sharing behavior, making it more likely to occur again.

According to Rovee-Collier & Bhatt (1993), how long do 3-month-old infants remember after testing?

• 1 day

• 1 week

• 2 weeks

• 1 month

Answer explanation

According to Rovee-Collier & Bhatt (1993), 3-month-old infants can remember for 1 week after testing. This indicates that their memory retention at this age is relatively short, making '1 week' the correct choice.

What is the role of mirror neurons in imitation?

• They help in memorizing facts

• They fire identically whether we perform or observe an action

• They are responsible for emotional responses

• They control motor skills

Answer explanation

Mirror neurons are crucial for imitation as they activate in the same way when we either perform or observe an action. This mirroring effect facilitates learning through observation, making the correct choice "They fire identically whether we perform or observe an action."

What is a characteristic of infants' ability to imitate?

• It is only seen in human infants

• It is a learned behavior

• It is an innate ability

• It is not present until later childhood

Answer explanation

Infants have an innate ability to imitate, which is evident from a very young age. This characteristic is not exclusive to humans, nor is it solely learned or delayed until later childhood.

Why is simple imitation harder to induce in older babies?

• They lose interest in imitation

• It becomes more of a choice than a reflex

• They are more focused on verbal skills

• They prefer solitary play

Answer explanation

As babies grow older, imitation shifts from being an automatic response to a more deliberate choice, making it harder to induce. This reflects their developing cognitive abilities and understanding of social interactions.