What are the main components of the Ti plasmid structure?

• T-DNA, virulence region, replication origins, antibiotic resistance genes

• Nuclear DNA, plasmid stability genes, transcription factors, cell cycle regulators

• Chloroplast DNA, protein coding genes, ribosomal RNA, lipid synthesis genes

• Mitochondrial DNA, cell wall components, signaling molecules, metabolic enzymes

How does the Ti plasmid facilitate gene transfer in plants?

• The Ti plasmid enhances photosynthesis in plants.

• The Ti plasmid prevents disease in plants.

• The Ti plasmid transfers T-DNA into plant cells, integrating it into the plant genome.

• The Ti plasmid acts as a fertilizer for plant growth.

Describe the role of T-DNA in the Ti plasmid.

• T-DNA is involved in photosynthesis in plant cells.

• T-DNA is a protein that protects plants from pests.

• T-DNA is responsible for the synthesis of chlorophyll in plants.

• T-DNA is responsible for transferring genetic material from the Ti plasmid into the plant cell, leading to tumor formation and opine production.

What are the common methods used for plant transformation?

• Gene cloning

• Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic transformation, electroporation, microinjection

• Protein synthesis

• RNA interference

Explain the significance of the virulence genes in Ti plasmid.

• The virulence genes in Ti plasmid are significant for enabling Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into host plants, leading to tumor formation and facilitating genetic engineering.

• They help Agrobacterium resist antibiotics.

• They are responsible for photosynthesis in plants.

• They allow Agrobacterium to survive in extreme temperatures.

What is the function of selectable marker genes in plant transformation?

• To identify and select successfully transformed plant cells.

• To enhance the growth rate of all plant cells.

• To provide nutrients to the transformed cells.

• To increase the resistance of all plant cells to diseases.

How do you differentiate between stable and transient transformation?

• Stable transformation results in heritable changes, while transient transformation does not.

• Both stable and transient transformations result in heritable changes.

• Transient transformation leads to permanent genetic changes.

• Stable transformation is always faster than transient transformation.

What are the advantages of using Ti plasmid over other vectors?

• Ti plasmids allow stable integration into plant genomes, have a broad host range, can carry large DNA inserts, and minimize immune responses.

• Ti plasmids are only effective in animal cells.

• Ti plasmids cannot carry any DNA inserts.

• Ti plasmids are limited to a narrow host range.

List some examples of selectable marker genes used in plant biotechnology.

• gfp (green fluorescent protein) for visual tracking

• cmy (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) for antibiotic resistance

• Examples of selectable marker genes include: 1. nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II) for kanamycin resistance, 2. bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase) for glufosinate resistance, 3. hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase) for hygromycin resistance.

• bla (beta-lactamase) for ampicillin resistance

How does Agrobacterium tumefaciens contribute to gene transfer?

• Agrobacterium tumefaciens inhibits gene transfer in plants.

• Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers RNA instead of DNA.

• Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers T-DNA into plant genomes, facilitating gene transfer.

• Agrobacterium tumefaciens only affects animal cells.