Understanding Cognitive Processes

What happens when there is a conflict between a person's actions and beliefs?

• Cognitive dissonance occurs, leading to potential changes in beliefs or actions.

• The conflict will resolve itself without any changes.

• The person will always change their actions to match their beliefs.

• There is no impact on the person's beliefs or actions.

Which of the following reduces cognitive dissonance?

• Ignoring the discomfort

• Increasing awareness of the conflict

• Accepting all beliefs without question

• Changing beliefs or rationalizing behavior

What does attribution theory focus on?

• Attribution theory focuses on the interpretation of causes behind behaviors and events.

• Attribution theory examines the historical context of events.

• Attribution theory is concerned with the biological basis of behavior.

• Attribution theory focuses on the statistical analysis of data.

What is it called when someone blames external factors for failure?

• Self-blame

• External attribution

• Internal attribution

• External validation

What does expectation theory suggest?

• Future interest rates are solely determined by past rates.

• Interest rates are fixed and do not change over time.

• Future interest rates are based on current rates and expected future rates.

• Current rates have no impact on future interest rates.

What is cognitive dissonance?

• A psychological theory about memory retention.

• Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs or values.

• A type of meditation practice.

• A method for improving cognitive skills.

How can one resolve cognitive dissonance?

• Ignore the conflicting thoughts.

• Change beliefs or acquire new information.

• Avoid thinking about the issue altogether.

• Reinforce existing beliefs without change.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

• The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the influence of situational factors on others' behavior.

• The fundamental attribution error refers to the belief that our character determines our actions in all situations.

• The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute our successes to our character and our failures to external factors.

• The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' actions to their character while attributing our own actions to situational factors.

What role do beliefs play in behavior according to psychology?

• Beliefs only affect behavior in social situations, not individual choices.

• Beliefs are solely based on emotions and do not influence decision-making.

• Beliefs have no impact on behavior and are irrelevant in psychology.

• Beliefs play a crucial role in influencing behavior by shaping perceptions, motivations, and decision-making.

How does external attribution affect self-perception?

• External attribution can protect self-esteem but may reduce self-efficacy.

• External attribution always boosts self-efficacy.

• External attribution has no impact on self-esteem.

• External attribution leads to increased self-awareness.