What system provided the Byzantine Empire with a strong military and prosperous peasantry?

• Feudal system

• Theme system

• Caste system

• Guild system

Who threatened the Byzantine Empire from the east, especially at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071?

• Mongols

• Seljuk Turks

• Vikings

• Normans

Who was the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, named by Pope John XII in 962?

• Charlemagne

• Frederick Barbarossa

• Otto I

• Henry IV

What was the Investiture Contest primarily about?

• Control over trade routes

• Appointment of church officials

• Division of land among nobles

• Taxation policies

Who was the noble selected to be king of France after the fall of the Carolingians in 987?

• William the Conqueror

• Hugh Capet

• Louis IX

• Philip II

Who invaded England in 1066 and introduced Norman principles of government?

• Charlemagne

• William the Conqueror

• Julius Caesar

• King John

What type of political structure did Italy have during the High Middle Ages?

• A single centralized regime

• Various city-states and principalities

• A unified monarchy

• A federal republic

Which regions became Christian kingdoms after the Muslim territories were pushed back in Spain?

• Castile, Aragon, and Portugal

• Normandy, Brittany, and Aquitaine

• Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica

• Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia

What was a significant factor in the growth of the agricultural economy during the High Middle Ages?

• Decline in population

• Introduction of new crops and agricultural techniques

• Decrease in trade routes

• Reduction in land available for farming

Which cities were transformed into centers of government and business during the revival of towns and trade?

• Paris, London, and Toledo

• Rome, Athens, and Alexandria

• Berlin, Vienna, and Prague

• Moscow, Kiev, and Warsaw