Islamic Revival

What exacerbated the internal breakdown of Muslim society?

• The rise of new empires

• The growing threat from European presence

• The spread of new religions

• The discovery of new trade routes

What affected the decline of a strong central authority in imperial Islam?

• Military revolts and reversals

• Scientific advancements

• Cultural exchanges

• Religious reforms

During which period did many nonofficial ulama conclude that a religious renewal was desirable?

• Ottoman Empire

• Sultanate period

• Abbasid Caliphate

• Umayyad Caliphate

What did the reformist tendencies during the eighteenth century emphasize?

• Economic growth

• Political alliances

• Divine transcendence and Sharia

• Military expansion

What is the critique of established institutions in Islam focused on?

• Their economic policies

• Their interpretation of Islam

• Their architectural designs

• Their political alliances

What was the political weakness of the community attributed to by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab?

• Economic decline

• Deviation from the straight path of Islam

• Lack of education

• Foreign invasions

What period did Ibn Abd al-Wahhab focus on as Islam’s normative period?

• The Abbasid Caliphate

• The early Medinan community

• The Ottoman Empire

• The Umayyad Caliphate

What was the role of Sufi centers in the Sanusi movement?

• Places of economic trade

• Places of military training and social welfare

• Places of political discussion

• Places of scientific research

What was the only law in the Mahdist state?

• The Ottoman law

• The Sharia

• The British law

• The Roman law

What did Shaykh Ahmad assert was necessary for Muslims?

• To engage in trade

• To purge un-Islamic practices

• To learn new languages

• To travel extensively