Which of the following best defines "sampling" in research?

• Collecting data from every individual in a population

• Choosing a subset of individuals to represent the population

• Ensuring each member of a population has the same opinions

• Classifying data based on sample size

The difference between the population mean and sample mean due to random factors is called:

• Systematic bias

• Measurement error

• Sampling error

• Random error

In which sampling technique is a "fishbowl" method commonly used?

• Cluster sampling

• Stratified sampling

• Systematic sampling

• Simple random sampling

Which type of population includes individuals the researcher can realistically access?

• Target population

• Accessible population

• Theoretical population

• Sample population

A researcher divides a population into smaller, similar groups before sampling. This describes:

• Systematic sampling

• Stratified sampling

• Cluster sampling

• Random sampling

Purposive sampling is often described as:

• Judgmental or selective sampling

• Based on convenience

• Controlled random selection

• Including only accessible populations

If sampling is based on members of social networks referring others, it is known as:

• Theoretical sampling

• Convenience sampling

• Snowball sampling

• Cluster sampling

Which of the following sampling methods aims to increase the study's internal validity?

• Systematic sampling

• Convenience sampling

• Random sampling

• Quota sampling

Which of these methods would be inappropriate for generalizing results beyond a specific sample?

• Probability sampling

• Non-probability sampling

• Cluster sampling

• Stratified sampling

What is the purpose of determining sampling criteria?

• To guarantee complete representation of the population

• To control extraneous variables in the sample

• To limit diversity in sampling

• To create a non-representative sample