Esterification and Saponification

What is the general reaction for esterification?

• RCOOH + R'OH ⇌ RCOOR' + H2O

• RCOOH + R'OH → RCOOR' + O2

• RCOOH + R'OH → RCOOR' + CO2

• RCOOH + R'OH ⇌ RCOOR' + CH4

Name a common catalyst used in the esterification process.

• sulfuric acid

• calcium carbonate

• potassium hydroxide

• sodium chloride

Describe the role of a base in saponification.

• A base facilitates the hydrolysis of fats into soap and glycerol during saponification.

• A base acts as a preservative for the soap after saponification.

• A base converts soap into fats and oils during saponification.

• A base is used to color the soap during the saponification process.

What type of bond is formed during esterification?

• Ionic bond

• Hydrogen bond

• Metallic bond

• Covalent bond (ester bond)

How does soap formation relate to the properties of fats and oils?

• Soap is formed by mixing fats with sugar.

• Soap is made only from water and fats.

• Soap formation is a chemical reaction between fats/oils and an alkali, influenced by their fatty acid properties.

• Fats and oils do not play a role in soap formation.

Explain how the structure of soap molecules allows them to clean surfaces.

• Soap molecules have only hydrophobic tails, which attract dirt.

• Soap molecules create a barrier that traps dirt on surfaces.

• The structure of soap molecules, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allows them to encapsulate grease and oil, facilitating their removal from surfaces.

• Soap molecules dissolve in water without interacting with grease.