Advanced Operating Systems Challenge

What are the key characteristics of distributed systems?

• Key characteristics of distributed systems include scalability, fault tolerance, concurrency, transparency, and resource sharing.

• High availability and single point of failure

• Limited resource sharing and centralized control

• Strict consistency and no concurrency

Explain the concept of concurrency control in operating systems.

• Concurrency control in operating systems is the management of simultaneous operations to ensure data integrity and prevent conflicts.

• Concurrency control eliminates the need for locks in operating systems.

• Concurrency control refers to the speed of processing tasks in a single-threaded environment.

• Concurrency control is only relevant in database management systems.

What is virtual memory and how does it enhance system performance?

• Virtual memory is a type of physical memory that does not use disk space.

• Virtual memory is a hardware component that increases RAM capacity.

• Virtual memory is a memory management technique that uses disk space to extend RAM, improving system performance by enabling larger applications and multitasking.

• Virtual memory only allows one application to run at a time.

Describe the different types of process scheduling algorithms.

• Equal Time Scheduling

• First-Come, First-Served, Shortest Job Next, Round Robin, Priority Scheduling, Multilevel Queue Scheduling

• Last-Come, Last-Served

• Random Process Selection

What is the purpose of a mutex in concurrency control?

• To increase the speed of concurrent operations.

• To allow multiple threads to read a resource simultaneously.

• To automatically delete shared resources after use.

• The purpose of a mutex in concurrency control is to ensure exclusive access to a shared resource.

How does paging work in virtual memory management?

• Paging eliminates the need for a page table in memory management.

• Paging directly maps virtual addresses to physical addresses without translation.

• Paging allows non-contiguous memory allocation by mapping virtual pages to physical frames, using a page table to manage memory.

• Paging requires contiguous memory allocation for efficient access.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of round-robin scheduling?

• Increased priority for short processes

• Advantages: Fairness, simplicity, reduced waiting time. Disadvantages: High turnaround time for long processes, context switching overhead.

• Guaranteed minimum waiting time

• Lower context switching overhead

Discuss the role of security in operating systems and common threats.

• Operating systems do not require any security measures.

• The role of security in operating systems is to protect data and resources from unauthorized access and threats, while common threats include malware, phishing, unauthorized access, and denial-of-service attacks.

• Common threats include hardware failures and power outages.

• Security in operating systems is only about user interface design.

What is deadlock and how can it be prevented in a distributed system?

• Deadlock is a situation in distributed systems where processes are stuck waiting for each other to release resources, and it can be prevented using resource allocation protocols, timeouts, and hierarchical resource management.

• Deadlock is a method of optimizing resource usage in distributed systems.

• Deadlock can be resolved by increasing the number of resources available to each process.

• Deadlock occurs when a process completes its task without any resource allocation.

Explain the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption in OS security.

• Asymmetric encryption is faster than symmetric encryption for large data.

• Symmetric encryption is used for public key infrastructure.

• Symmetric encryption uses two keys for encryption and decryption.

• Symmetric encryption uses one key for both processes, while asymmetric encryption uses a key pair.