general psy. ch 6

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

• Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

• One can learn new behaviors by observing others

• Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

• Fear is a conditioned response.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

• His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

• He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

• He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

• He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

• observational

• classical

• conditioning

• operant

Justin wants to use classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels. To be successful, he must pair the neutral stimulus, the squirrel, with a(n) ________, such as ________.

• unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise

• conditioned response; running away

• neutral stimulus; a light turning on

• unconditioned response; an increased heartbeat

If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus (the metronome) without the unconditioned stimulus (the food), the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called

• aacquistion

• spontaneous recovery

• stimulus generalization

• extinction

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.

• rescorla

• koelling

• thorndike

• gracia

To form the strongest association via classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus should be presented ________ the unconditioned stimulus.

• at exactly the same time as

• right before

• either before or after

• right after

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “little Albert”?

• The provided no compensation to Albert’s mother for his participation in the study.

• It would be unethical by today’s research standards.

• It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS.

• They did not have the permission of Albert’s mother to conduct the research.

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

• conditioned response

• unconditioned response

• conditioned stimulus

• unconditioned stimulus

If getting $10 for every A you make on a quiz, and you study harder for the next test, then being given $10 is a form of

• negative reinforcement

• positive punishment

• negative punishment

• positive reinforcement