AP 4.1-2

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

• The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He

• The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

• The spread of epidemic diseases

• The growth of the African slave trade

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

• They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments.

• They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

• They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces.

• They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.

Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

• They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe.

• They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox.

• They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries.

• They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.

Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker's depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ?

• Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills

• China's naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin

• The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region's commercial isolation

• The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands

A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ?

• The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research

• The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean

• The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city-states

• The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China

Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ?

• Western Europeans' discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates

• The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean

• Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration

• Qing China's resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period?

• Easing of tensions among European states

• Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans

• Europeans' increased interest in foreign languages and cultures

• Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia

The expansion of trade routes along the coast of Africa as shown on Map 2 was most directly facilitated by which of the following?

• Expanding Chinese influence as a result of maritime voyages under the Ming dynasty

• Changes in fishing practices in the Indian Ocean

• Improved ship designs and navigational technologies

• Commercial decline in Europe as a result of the global cooling of climate known as the Little Ice Age

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century?

• Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

• Lack of European interest in African goods

• A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa

• Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa

• Fear of dying from tropical diseases

The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following?

• Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China.

• Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China.

• Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.

• Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.