Which of the following began this chain of events?

• The opening of trade routes during the Crusades
• A population decline caused by the Black Death
• The discovery of new foods in the New World
• A religious conflict caused by the Protestant Reformation

How did the Bubonic Plague affect medieval Europe?

• It prompted advances in medicine that extended the average life span
• It caused economic and social instability by drastically reducing the workforce
• It caused persecution of religious and ethnic minorities to decrease
• It allowed church officials to expand their authority

One factor contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire was...

• the conversion of the population to a monotheistic religion
• social unrest created by an emerging middle class
• political decisions that contributed to internal conflicts
• the development of a political bureaucracy

The Berlin Conference affected European imperialism in Africa by-

• establishing partnerships with local kingdoms to promote trade
• defending the rights of African citizens to participate in colonial governments
• supporting the establishment of colonial spheres of influence
• developing guidelines to regulate joint-stock trading companies

What was a defining characteristic of feudalism in medieval Europe?

• Universities granted degrees to qualified students
• Lords granted land to knights (vassals) in return for military services
• Guilds supervised the work done by craftsmen
• Troubadours performed concerts in town halls in return for food and lodging

Which grievance was shared by both French and American revolutionaries?

• The inequality of women
• Widespread starvation because of food shortages
• Frequent public executions of citizens
• Unfair taxation practices

This map shows a pattern of commerce that expanded the slave trade AND --

• depleted supplies of natural resources in South America
• weakened western Europe's dominance over its colonies
• encouraged manufacturing industries in West Africa
• increased agricultural production in North America

Which of the following best completes the diagram?

• The creation of the Safavid Empire in Persia
• The expansion of the Mongol Empire into Russia
• The formation of the Mughal Empire in India
• The expansion of the Ottoman Empire into eastern Europe

The main reason for the loss of lives described in the passage below is that American Indians--

• were shipped to Europe as slaves
• experienced a series of famines
• exhausted their supplies of natural resources
• were not immune to European diseases

In the early middle ages, the Roman Catholic Church contributed to cultural unity in Western Europe by--

• challenging the legitimacy of the Carolingian Empire
• using missionaries to convert Germanic tribes
• maintaining trade routes commonly used by Italian merchants
• sending armies to recapture cities under Byzantine rule