Unit 2 Summative 2024-25

1. The alignment of the Sun-Earth-Moon system in the diagram below models which of the following phenomena? (8-ESS1-1)

• A lunar eclipse where the Moon blocks the Sun's light from reaching part of Earth.
• A solar eclipse where the Moon blocks the Sun's light from reaching part of Earth.
• A lunar eclipse where the Sun's light cannot reach the Moon.
• A solar eclipse where the Sun's light cannot reach the Moon.

2. Which of the following statements is true based on the scaled properties of the solar system model below? (8-ESS1-3)

• The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are very similar in size.
• The outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are very similar in size.
• The distance between Jupiter and Saturn is very similar to the distance between Mercury and Venus.
• Jupiter is only slightly smaller than the Sun.

3. The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on Earth as seen in the diagram below would result in which of the following? (8-ESS1-1)

• A quarter moon
• Summertime
• High (Spring) tide
• Low (Neap) tide

4. In the diagram below, Earth is experiencing summer in the Northern Hemisphere on June 20/21. During summer, the Northern Hemisphere will experience increased heating on Earth's surface due to which of the following? (8-ESS1-1)

• The Sun creates additional heat to project at Earth during summer.
• The Earth moves closer to the Sun during summer.
• As the Earth orbits the Sun, it is tilted on its axis. During summer, the Earth points more directly at the Sun.
• The Earth rotates faster during summer creating more heat.

5. The Oort cloud is at the very outer edge of our solar system. Which statement best describes why our solar system ends with the Oort cloud. (8-ESS1-2)

• The Sun's gravitational pull is too weak to attract objects beyond the Oort cloud due to the great distance between the Sun and the Oort cloud.
• The Sun is too small to exert a large gravitational pull on objects in our solar system.
• There aren't many objects in outer space beyond the Oort cloud.
• The Sun's gravitational force is already used up by the other objects in our solar system.

6. Galaxies, such as the galaxies in the image below, contain billions of stars each. Which statement best describes the role gravity plays within galaxies? (8-ESS1-2)

• Gravity keeps the galaxies identical to each other.
• Gravity is an attractive force between all objects. Gravitational force keeps objects within galaxies in motion and holds the systems within galaxies together.
• Galaxies are too large to experience motion from gravitational force.
• Not all galaxies are affected by gravitational force.

7. Based on the scaled drawing of the solar system below, which of the planets would take the longest time to orbit the Sun? (8-ESS1-3)

• Jupiter
• Mercury
• Neptune
• Venus

8. Which one of the following statements can be supported with the model of scaled properties of objects in the solar system? (8-ESS1-3)

• Neptune is a cold planet due to its distance from the Sun.
• Saturn is a similar distance from the Sun as Venus.
• Earth's moon is comparable in size to planets in our solar system.
• The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) would receive similar amounts of solar radiation from the Sun as the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) would.

9. Which of the following statements best supports why Jupiter has many moons. (8-ESS1-2)

• Jupiter's large mass causes a large gravitational pull to attract objects (moons) within Jupiter's orbit.
• Jupiter's rotation speed attracts many moons.
• There is no explanation for the moons around Jupiter.
• Jupiter's gas composition creates extra moons.

10. The objects in the model of the solar system above are in constant motion around one another due to which one of the following forces ? (8-ESS1-2)

• Revolution
• Gravity
• Inertia
• Rotation