Match the following terms with their correct definitions.

• Elite group of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, originally made up of Christian boys who were taken from their families, converted to Islam, and trained to serve the sultan.

• Neo-Confucianism

• A governing philosophy which was prominent in China that combined traditional ideas with elements of Buddhism and Taoism.

• Renaissance

• Revival of interest in art, science, and learning.

• Janissaries

• Act of officially excluding someone from membership in a religious group, usually because of wrongdoing or heresy.

• Excommunication

Which best explains how the Mandate of Heaven affected Dynasties?

• It establishes that a dynasty has divine approval as long as it governs justly and effectively, but if it fails to do so, it loses the Mandate and justifies its overthrow.

• It allows dynasties to remain in power regardless of their actions, as long as they maintain control over military forces.

• It guarantees that the ruling family will remain in power until their natural death, regardless of the people's dissatisfaction.

• It insists that only emperors of noble birth can rule, ensuring a fixed and unchanging political structure.

Why was the Great Wall of China constructed by the Ming Dynasty...it's different from previous dynasties efforts to construct walls in that it:

• Reaches further north than walls constructed by previous dynasties.

• Is one continuous wall, where previous walls were divided into short segments.

• Is strictly divided into short segments, where previous dynasties constructed long, continuous walls.

• Is generally further south than walls constructed by previous dynasties.

The Ming Dynasty tried to rebuild the Great Wall of China in order to:

• Establish a permanent border and promote trade with neighboring countries, particularly those to the north.

• Serve as a monument to the glory of the emperor, enhancing the prestige of the Ming Dynasty both domestically and abroad.

• Protect Chinese territories from future Mongol invasions and raids, as part of the Ming Dynasty's efforts to secure the northern frontier.

• Facilitate communication and transportation between the northern and southern regions of China, enabling easier troop movement and increased trade.

Which of the following locations was the furthest Zheng He traveled on his voyages?

• Ming Dynasty.

• East African coast.

• The Mughal Empire.

• Arabia.

Zheng He’s contributions during the Ming Dynasty are best seen as a revitalization (revival) of:

• Confucianism due to his re-emphasis on the Civil Service Exam.

• China’s tribute system by returning with wealth and exotic animals.

• China’s economy due to his insistence on collecting taxes in hard currency.

• Chinese culture by rocking the queue hairstyle.

What was the last region conquered by the Qing Dynasty?

• Manchuria

• Xinjiang

• Cambodia and Vietnam

• Tibet

Why did Han Chinese men have to adopt the ‘queue’ hairstyle?

• To promote fashion and aesthetics in Qing society.

• To symbolize loyalty to the Qing Dynasty and demonstrate submission to Manchu rule.

• To create a uniform appearance among Chinese soldiers.

• To facilitate easier identification of criminals in the population.

Conflicts between the Gunpowder Empires (Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals) were caused by:

• Disputes over territorial expansion and control of trade routes

• Religious differences, particularly between Sunni and Shia Islam

• Competition for alliances with European powers

• Economic rivalry and competition for agricultural resources

In the Ottoman Millet System, minority religious groups were:

• Allowed to govern themselves, maintain their religious practices, and handle their own legal matters while remaining subjects of the Ottoman Empire.

• Forced to convert to Islam and integrate fully into Ottoman society under the state’s centralized rule.

• Excluded from any form of political participation and were relegated to lower social status within the empire.

• Required to pay special taxes and had no rights to govern their own communities or practice their religion freely.