Understanding Semantics and Prototypes

The video explores the complexities of semantics, highlighting the limitations of dictionary definitions and the dynamic nature of word meanings. It discusses semantic relationships like synonyms and antonyms, and how meanings change over time due to factors like euphemism. The video introduces prototype theory, which suggests we categorize words based on typical examples rather than strict definitions. It also covers function words and their analysis through predicate calculus, and briefly touches on other semantic approaches. The video emphasizes the intricate nature of meaning and the tools needed to understand it.

What is a major limitation of relying solely on dictionary definitions for word meanings?

• Dictionaries are updated too frequently.

• Dictionaries are written by machines.

• Dictionaries are created by people who need other methods to determine meanings.

• Dictionaries provide too many synonyms.

Which of the following is an example of a hypernym?

• Red

• Snowshoe

• Rabbit

• Color

How can words change their meanings over time?

• They can only become broader.

• They can become broader, narrower, or change entirely.

• They can only become more specific.

• They can only change entirely.

What is polysemy?

• A word having a single meaning.

• A word having multiple meanings.

• A word that is a synonym.

• A word that is an antonym.

Why is defining a 'sandwich' challenging?

• Because sandwiches are only a cultural concept.

• Because sandwiches can vary greatly in form and ingredients.

• Because sandwiches are only made with meat.

• Because sandwiches are only made with bread.

What does prototype theory suggest about our understanding of categories?

• We have clear-cut definitions for every category.

• We only use dictionary definitions for categories.

• We have prototypes or typical examples for categories.

• We have no understanding of categories.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a prototype?

• It can vary between individuals.

• It allows for less-central category members.

• It is a rigid, unchanging definition.

• It is the most typical example of a category.

What are function words?

• Words that are always nouns.

• Words that are abstract and have no meaning.

• Words that have clear prototypes.

• Words that help sentences fit together grammatically.

What is the role of predicate calculus in semantics?

• To categorize words into synonyms and antonyms.

• To eliminate the need for dictionaries.

• To express relationships between words in symbolic terms.

• To provide clear-cut definitions for all words.

Which approach to semantics involves breaking down words into basic units of meaning?

• Binary Feature Analysis

• Prototype Theory

• Natural Semantic Metalanguage

• Cognitive Semantics