APHG 4.8 DEVOLUTIONARY FACTORS EXAMPLES

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

United Kingdom (Scotland)

• • The geographical separation of Scotland from England, along with distinct historical, cultural, and linguistic differences, has fueled demands for Scottish independence, particularly in areas with strong pro-independence sentiments like the Highlands. The 2014 referendum was a response to these geographical divisions.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Indonesia (Aceh)

• Aceh, located on the northern tip of Sumatra, has been historically distinct from the rest of Indonesia in terms of culture, religion, and language. Geographical isolation, combined with these differences, led to a long separatist conflict until the peace agreement of 2005.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Spain (Catalonia)

• Catalonia, with its distinct Catalan language and culture, has pushed for independence, citing historical grievances and a sense of separate ethnic identity. The 2017 independence referendum sparked significant conflict with the Spanish government.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Nigeria (Igbo and Biafra)

• The Igbo ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria pursued independence through the Biafran secession (1967–1970) due to ethnic tensions, economic disparities, and political marginalization, leading to the Nigerian Civil War.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian War)

• During the Bosnian War (1992–1995), this occurred, especially targeting Bosnian Muslims by Bosnian Serb forces. The goal was to create ethnically homogeneous territories, resulting in mass displacement, killings, and the destruction of cultural heritage.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Rwanda

• The 1994 genocide in Rwanda involved the mass slaughter of Tutsi by the Hutu majority, driven by ethnic hatred and political power struggles, leading to widespread violence and displacement.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Northern Ireland (The Troubles)

• The conflict in Northern Ireland (1960s–1998) involved terrorist groups like the Irish Republican Army (IRA) fighting for Irish independence, while Protestant groups sought to remain part of the UK. The violence was driven by religious and ethnic divisions.

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Pakistan (Balochistan)

• The Baloch nationalist movement in Pakistan has been marked by terrorist activities aimed at securing independence for the ethnically distinct Baloch people, who feel marginalized by the central government.

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Italy (Northern League)

• Economic disparities between the wealthier northern regions (like Lombardy and Veneto) and the poorer south (like Sicily) have led to calls for greater autonomy or even secession from the central government, driven by dissatisfaction over resource distribution.

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo)

• Economic disparities between the wealthier southern and southeastern states, like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, and the poorer northern regions have resulted in movements advocating for more local control and devolution of powers.

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems