APHG 4.8 DEVOLUTIONARY FACTORS EXAMPLES

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

United Kingdom (Scotland)

• • Scotland’s physical separation from England—marked by natural boundaries and distance—combined with historical and cultural differences, has contributed to strong independence movements, especially in regions like the Highlands. Which factor best explains why Scotland developed a distinct political identity from England?

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Indonesia (Aceh)

• Aceh is located on the remote northern tip of Sumatra and has been geographically isolated from the rest of Indonesia. This physical separation contributed to cultural, religious, and linguistic differences that fueled a long separatist conflict until 2005. Which factor best explains why Aceh developed differently from the rest of Indonesia?

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Spain (Catalonia)

• Aside from its social and economic factors, Catalonia, with its distinct Catalan language and culture, has pushed for independence, citing historical grievances and a sense of separate ethnic identity. The 2017 independence referendum sparked significant conflict with the Spanish government.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Nigeria (Igbo and Biafra)

• The Igbo ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria pursued independence through the Biafran secession (1967–1970) due to ethnic tensions, economic disparities, and political marginalization, leading to the Nigerian Civil War.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian War)

• During the Bosnian War (1992–1995), this occurred, especially targeting Bosnian Muslims by Bosnian Serb forces. The goal was to create ethnically homogeneous territories, resulting in mass displacement, killings, and the destruction of cultural heritage.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Rwanda

• The 1994 genocide in Rwanda involved the mass slaughter of Tutsi by the Hutu majority, driven by ethnic hatred and political power struggles, leading to widespread violence and displacement.

• Physical Geography

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Northern Ireland (The Troubles)

• The conflict in Northern Ireland (1960s–1998) involved terrorist groups like the Irish Republican Army (IRA) fighting for Irish independence, while Protestant groups sought to remain part of the UK. The violence was driven by religious and ethnic divisions.

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Pakistan (Balochistan)

• The Baloch nationalist movement in Pakistan has used violence and attacks against civilians to pressure the government for independence. Which challenge to state sovereignty does this example best represent?

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Italy (Northern League)

• Economic disparities between the wealthier northern regions (like Lombardy and Veneto) and the poorer south (like Sicily) have led to calls for greater autonomy or even secession from the central government, driven by dissatisfaction over resource distribution.

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems

Identify which devolutionary factor is reflected in the following example.

Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo)

• Economic disparities between the wealthier southern and southeastern states, like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, and the poorer northern regions have resulted in movements advocating for more local control and devolution of powers.

• Ethnic Separatism

• Ethnic Cleansing

• Terrorism

• Irredentism

• Social or Economic Problems