Week 13 Review

What does Christian call the "long periods of demographic, commercial, and economic growth followed by periods of decline before growth began once again", characteristic of the agrarian era?

• Thermodynamic Down Escalators

• Centers of Gravity

• Malthusian Cycles

• Positive Feedback Loops

According to Christian and Wednesday's lecture, how did sailors in Southwest Asia, India, and Southeast Asia interact with monsoon winds?

• They exploited the predictable wind pattern to increase sea trade and, as a result, wealth.

• They harnessed the wind power to convert it into energy.

• They were afraid of the monsoon winds and did not attempt to trade during monsoon season.

• They ignored the monsoon winds and did not change their trade practices.

What was the Hanseatic League?

• A general agreement among the great powers of Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence.

• A network of exchange connecting mercantile cities in northern Europe which contributed to the rise of the merchant class.

• The first intergovernmental organization established to promote international cooperation and peace.

• A political and military alliance of 32 European and North American countries.

What was the Battle of Legnano?

• A twelfth century battle in which the Hanseatic League lost to the Holy Roman Empire.

• A twelfth century battle in which the Hanseatic League lost to the Italian mercantile communes of the Lombard League.

• A twelfth century battle in which the Italian mercantile communes of the Lombard League lost to the Holy Roman Empire.

• A twelfth century European battle in which the Holy Roman Empire lost to the Italian mercantile communes of the Lombard League.

According to Christian, what are aggressively commercialized city-states?

• States where the merchant class remained weak and did not gain political influence due to strict trade laws.

• Theocratic states where kings and priests continued to hold the most political influence due to their divine right to rule.

• Militarily powerful commercial states where mercantile trade shaped their economic and political structures, values, and social composition.

• Isolated agricultural states which did not rely on trade to increase wealth or influence.

How does Shaffer understand southernization?

• A process of new agricultural, technological, and trade developments which began in Southern Asia and eventually spread to Europe.

• An early understanding of global warming in which thirteenth century scientists noticed climate change in the southern hemispher.

• The ways in which Western innovations spread to Southern Asia to improve their economies.

• The transfer of ideas from South America to North America through economic exhange between indigenous groups.

Where is Calicut?

• Mesoamerica

• Saudia Arabia

• China

• India

Where was Vasco da Gama and his crew from?

• France

• Portugal

• Italy

• Spain

How does Christian define proletarians in his discussion of capitalist modes of production?

• The merchant class which fall under the larger class of petite bourgeoisie.

• A class of people who have no access to productive property and can therefore support themselves only by selling their own labor power, thereby becoming wage earners

• A social class of people who work the land as agricultural laborers or small landowners.

• A dominant class of entrepreneurs who own productive resources (ie capital) and use them to generate commercial profits that sustain their lifeways.

What resulted from the commercial revolution in Song China?

• They produced huge amounts of coinage to keep up with increased monetization

• Merchants could buy official rank.

• Seven seaports were opened as opposed to the singular seaport opened in Tang times.

• The capital was moved from Kaifeng in the north to Hangzhou in the more commercially successful South.