The following text is from Sarah Orne Jewett’s 1899 short story “Martha’s Lady.” Martha is employed by Miss Pyne as a maid. Miss Pyne sat by the window watching, in her best dress, looking stately and calm; she seldom went out now, and it was almost time for the carriage. Martha was just coming in from the garden with the strawberries, and with more flowers in her apron. It was a bright cool evening in June, the golden robins sang in the elms, and the sun was going down behind the apple-trees at the foot of the garden. The beautiful old house stood wide open to the long-expected guest. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

D) To depict the setting as the characters await a visitor’s arrival

A) To convey the worries brought about by a new guest

B) To describe how the characters have changed over time

C) To contrast the activity indoors with the stillness outside

Astronomers are confident that the star Betelgeuse will eventually consume all the helium in its core and explode in a supernova. They are much less confident, however, about when this will happen, since that depends on internal characteristics of Betelgeuse that are largely unknown. Astrophysicist Sarafina El-Badry Nance and colleagues recently investigated whether acoustic waves in the star could be used to determine internal stellar states but concluded that this method could not sufficiently reveal Betelgeuse’s internal characteristics to allow its evolutionary state to be firmly fixed. Which choice best describes the function of the second sentence in the overall structure of the text?

C) It identifies the problem that Nance and colleagues attempted to solve but did not.

A) It explains how the work of Nance and colleagues was received by others in the field.

B) It presents the central finding reported by Nance and colleagues.

D) It describes a serious limitation of the method used by Nance and colleagues.

The following text is from Jane Austen’s 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility. Elinor lives with her younger sisters and her mother, Mrs. Dashwood. Elinor, this eldest daughter, whose advice was so effectual, possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgment, which qualified her, though only nineteen, to be the counsellor of her mother, and enabled her frequently to counteract, to the advantage of them all, that eagerness of mind in Mrs. Dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence. She had an excellent heart;—her disposition was affectionate, and her feelings were strong; but she knew how to govern them: it was a knowledge which her mother had yet to learn; and which one of her sisters had resolved never to be taught. According to the text, what is true about Elinor?

D) Elinor is remarkably mature for her age.

A) Elinor often argues with her mother but fails to change her mind.

B) Elinor can be overly sensitive with regard to family matters.

C) Elinor thinks her mother is a bad role model.

Believing that living in an impractical space can heighten awareness and even improve health, conceptual artists Madeline Gins and Shusaku Arakawa designed an apartment building in Japan to be more fanciful than functional. A kitchen counter is chest-high on one side and knee-high on the other; a ceiling has a door to nowhere. The effect is disorienting but invigorating: after four years there, filmmaker Nobu Yamaoka reported significant health benefits. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

D) Although impractical, the design of the apartment building by Gins and Arakawa may improve the well-being of the building’s residents.

A) Although inhabiting a home surrounded by fanciful features such as those designed by Gins and Arakawa can be rejuvenating, it is unsustainable.

B) Designing disorienting spaces like those in the Gins and Arakawa building is the most effective way to create a physically stimulating environment.

C) As a filmmaker, Yamaoka has long supported the designs of conceptual artists such as Gins and Arakawa.

In a research paper, a student criticizes some historians of modern African politics, claiming that they have evaluated Patrice Lumumba, the first prime minister of what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, primarily as a symbol rather than in terms of his actions. Which quotation from a work by a historian would best illustrate the student’s claim?

C) “Lumumba’s practical accomplishments can be passed over quickly; it is mainly as the personification of Congolese independence that he warrants scholarly attention.”

A) “Lumumba is a difficult figure to evaluate due to the starkly conflicting opinions he inspired during his life and continues to inspire today.”

B) “The available information makes it clear that Lumumba’s political beliefs and values were largely consistent throughout his career.”

D) “Many questions remain about Lumumba’s ultimate vision for an independent Congo; without new evidence coming to light, these questions are likely to remain unanswered.”

Geographer Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin and his colleagues surveyed small-scale farmers in three locations in Ondo State, Nigeria—which has mountainous terrain in the north, an urbanized center, and coastal terrain in the south—to learn more about their practices, like the types of crops they mainly cultivated. In some regions, female farmers were found to be especially prominent in the cultivation of specific types of crops and even constituted the majority of farmers who cultivated those crops; for instance, _______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

C) most of the farmers who mainly cultivated non–root vegetables in north and south Ondo were women.

A) most of the farmers who mainly cultivated cereals and most of the farmers who mainly cultivated non–root vegetables in south Ondo were women.

B) more women in central Ondo mainly cultivated root crops than mainly cultivated cereals.

D) a relatively equal proportion of women across the three regions of Ondo mainly cultivated cereals.

Given that stars and planets initially form from the same gas and dust in space, some astronomers have posited that host stars (such as the Sun) and their planets (such as those in our solar system) are composed of the same materials, with the planets containing equal or smaller quantities of the materials that make up the host star. This idea is also supported by evidence that rocky planets in our solar system are composed of some of the same materials as the Sun. Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the astronomers’ claim?

C) Evidence emerges that the amount of iron in some rocky planets is considerably higher than the amount in their host star.

A) Most stars are made of hydrogen and helium, but when cooled they are revealed to contain small amounts of iron and silicate.

B) A nearby host star is observed to contain the same proportion of hydrogen and helium as that of the Sun.

D) The method for determining the composition of rocky planets is discovered to be less effective when used to analyze other kinds of planets.

In the twentieth century, ethnographers made a concerted effort to collect Mexican American folklore, but they did not always agree about that folklore’s origins. Scholars such as Aurelio Espinosa claimed that Mexican American folklore derived largely from the folklore of Spain, which ruled Mexico and what is now the southwestern United States from the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Scholars such as Américo Paredes, by contrast, argued that while some Spanish influence is undeniable, Mexican American folklore is mainly the product of the ongoing interactions of various cultures in Mexico and the United States. Which finding, if true, would most directly support Paredes’s argument?

D) Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected consisted of corridos—ballads about history and social life—of a clearly recent origin.

A) The folklore that the ethnographers collected included several songs written in the form of a décima, a type of poem originating in late sixteenth-century Spain.

B) Much of the folklore that the ethnographers collected had similar elements from region to region.

C) Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected was previously unknown to scholars.

In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly suggest that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by Haudenosaunee practices.

B) the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not well suited to Haudenosaunee farming techniques.

C) Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United States.

D) Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques late in the nineteenth century.

If some artifacts recovered from excavations of the settlement of Kuulo Kataa, in modern Ghana, date from the thirteenth century CE, that may lend credence to claims that the settlement was founded before or around that time. There is other evidence, however, strongly supporting a fourteenth century CE founding date for Kuulo Kataa. If both the artifact dates and the fourteenth century CE founding date are correct, that would imply that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

B) the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually reached Kuulo Kataa through trade or migration.

A) artifacts from the fourteenth century CE are more commonly recovered than are artifacts from the thirteenth century CE.

C) Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a different region than had previously been assumed.

D) excavations at Kuulo Kataa may have inadvertently damaged some artifacts dating to the fourteenth century CE.

A team of biologists led by Jae-Hoon Jung, Antonio D. Barbosa, and Stephanie Hutin investigated the mechanism that allows Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) plants to accelerate flowering at high temperatures. They replaced the protein ELF3 in the plants with a similar protein found in another species (stiff brome) that, unlike A. thaliana, displays no acceleration in flowering with increased temperature. A comparison of unmodified A. thaliana plants with the altered plants showed no difference in flowering at 22° Celsius, but at 27° Celsius, the unmodified plants exhibited accelerated flowering while the altered ones did not, which suggests that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

C) ELF3 enables A. thaliana to respond to increased temperatures.

A) temperature-sensitive accelerated flowering is unique to A. thaliana.

B) A. thaliana increases ELF3 production as temperatures rise.

D) temperatures of at least 22° Celsius are required for A. thaliana to flower.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and furniture designer. • He was the son of Lebanese immigrants. • He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1985. • The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking chair that Maloof made from walnut wood. • The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and the back consists of seven spindle-like slats. The student wants to describe the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar with Sam Maloof. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) With its sleek, contoured armrests and seat, the walnut rocking chair in Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts is just one piece of furniture created by American woodworker Sam Maloof.

B) Sam Maloof was born in 1916 and died in 2009, and during his life, he made a chair that you can see if you visit the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.

C) Furniture designer Sam Maloof was a recipient of one of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s “genius grants.”

D) The rocking chair is made from walnut, and it has been shaped such that its armrests and seat are sleek and contoured.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In the late 1890s, over 14,000 unique varieties of apples were grown in the US. • The rise of industrial agriculture in the mid-1900s narrowed the range of commercially grown crops. • Thousands of apple varieties considered less suitable for commercial growth were lost. • Today, only 15 apple varieties dominate the market, making up 90% of apples purchased in the US. • The Lost Apple Project, based in Washington State, attempts to find and grow lost apple varieties. The student wants to emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specify why this decline occurred. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

C) Since the rise of industrial agriculture, US farmers have mainly grown the same few unique apple varieties, resulting in the loss of thousands of varieties less suitable for commercial growth.

A) The Lost Apple Project is dedicated to finding some of the apple varieties lost following a shift in agricultural practices in the mid-1900s.

B) While over 14,000 apple varieties were grown in the US in the late 1890s, only 15 unique varieties make up most of the apples sold today.

D) As industrial agriculture rose to prominence in the mid-1900s, the number of crops selected for cultivation decreased dramatically.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist. • In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile. • Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press. • Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press. • She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York. The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

C) Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a collection of poetry by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia Vicuña.

A) Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and Instan (2002), Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.

B) Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include numerous poetry collections and visual art exhibitions.

D) In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, in Chile, her country of birth.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • When medical students mention their patients on social media, they may violate patient confidentiality. • Terry Kind led a study to determine how many medical schools have student policies that mention social media use. • Kind and her team reviewed 132 medical school websites, examining publicly available student policies. • Only thirteen medical schools had guidelines that explicitly mention social media, and only five defined what constitutes acceptable social media use. The student wants to emphasize the study’s methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

B) To find out how many medical schools have guidelines about student social media use, Terry Kind and her team examined the student policies of 132 medical schools.

A) The student policies of 132 medical schools can be found online, according to research by Terry Kind.

C) Out of 132 medical schools, only thirteen had student policies that mentioned social media, and only five specified what use was acceptable.

D) Terry Kind and her team wanted to know how many medical schools have student social media policies in place about protecting patient confidentiality.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the 18th century. • Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions. • Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist. • She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003. • Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist. • She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003. The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

C) Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve Gullah culture through their museums.

A) At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina, visitors can learn more about the Gullah people who have lived in the region for centuries.

B) Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture of the Gullah people, who have lived in the United States since the 18th century.

D) Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed in parts of the southeastern United States in the 18th century.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once grasslands. • Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated whether woodland expansion is related to changes in climate. • Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past and indexed the age of the trees with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate were correlated. • Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals. • Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion. The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State University, wanted to know if woodland expansion is related to changes in climate.

B) Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, we now know that droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.

C) Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.

D) Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past, indexing the age of the trees with historical climate data.

The following text is from the 1924 poem “Cycle” by D’Arcy McNickle, who was a citizen of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. There shall be new roads wending, A new beating of the drum— Men’s eyes shall have fresh seeing, Grey lives reprise their span— But under the new sun’s being, Completing what night began, There’ll be the same backs bending, The same sad feet shall drum— When this night finds its ending And day shall have come..... Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To consider how the repetitiveness inherent in human life can be both rewarding and challenging

B) To question whether activities completed at one time of day are more memorable than those completed at another time of day

C) To refute the idea that joy is a more commonly experienced emotion than sadness is

D) To demonstrate how the experiences of individuals relate to the experiences of their communities

The following text is adapted from Jane Austen’s 1814 novel Mansfield Park. The speaker, Tom, is considering staging a play at home with a group of his friends and family. We mean nothing but a little amusement among ourselves, just to vary the scene, and exercise our powers in something new. We want no audience, no publicity. We may be trusted, I think, in choosing some play most perfectly unexceptionable; and I can conceive no greater harm or danger to any of us in conversing in the elegant written language of some respectable author than in chattering in words of our own. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To offer Tom’s assurance that the play will be inoffensive and involve only a small number of people

B) To clarify that the play will not be performed in the manner Tom had originally intended

C) To elaborate on the idea that the people around Tom lack the skills to successfully stage a play

D) To assert that Tom believes the group performing the play will be able to successfully promote it

Musician Joni Mitchell, who is also a painter, uses images she creates for her album covers to emphasize ideas expressed in her music. For the cover of her album Turbulent Indigo (1994), Mitchell painted a striking self-portrait that closely resembles Vincent van Gogh’s Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear (1889). The image calls attention to the album’s title song, in which Mitchell sings about the legacy of the postimpressionist painter. In that song, Mitchell also hints that she feels a strong artistic connection to Van Gogh—an idea that is reinforced by her imagery on the cover. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) It presents a claim about Mitchell, then gives an example supporting that claim.

B) It discusses Van Gogh’s influence on Mitchell, then considers Mitchell’s influence on other artists.

C) It describes a similarity between two artists, then notes a difference between them.

D) It describes the songs on Turbulent Indigo, then explains how they relate to the album’s cover.

Text 1 Astronomer Mark Holland and colleagues examined four white dwarfs—small, dense remnants of past stars—in order to determine the composition of exoplanets that used to orbit those stars. Studying wavelengths of light in the white dwarf atmospheres, the team reported that traces of elements such as lithium and sodium support the presence of exoplanets with continental crusts similar to Earth’s. Text 2 Past studies of white dwarf atmospheres have concluded that certain exoplanets had continental crusts. Geologist Keith Putirka and astronomer Siyi Xu argue that those studies unduly emphasize atmospheric traces of lithium and other individual elements as signifiers of the types of rock found on Earth. The studies don’t adequately account for different minerals made up of various ratios of those elements, and the possibility of rock types not found on Earth that contain those minerals. Based on the texts, how would Putirka and Xu (Text 2) most likely characterize the conclusion presented in Text 1?

C) As questionable, because it rests on an incomplete consideration of potential sources of the elements detected in white dwarf atmospheres

A) As unexpected, because it was widely believed at the time that white dwarf exoplanets lack continental crusts

B) As premature, because researchers have only just begun trying to determine what kinds of crusts white dwarf exoplanets had

D) As puzzling, because it’s unusual to successfully detect lithium and sodium when analyzing wavelengths of light in white dwarf atmospheres

Utah is home to Pando, a colony of about 47,000 quaking aspen trees that all share a single root system. Pando is one of the largest single organisms by mass on Earth, but ecologists are worried that its growth is declining in part because of grazing by animals. The ecologists say that strong fences could prevent deer from eating young trees and help Pando start thriving again. According to the text, why are ecologists worried about Pando?

A) It isn’t growing at the same rate it used to.

B) It isn’t producing young trees anymore.

C) It can’t grow into new areas because it is blocked by fences.

D) Its root system can’t support many more new trees.

For many years, the only existing fossil evidence of mixopterid eurypterids—an extinct family of large aquatic arthropods known as sea scorpions and related to modern arachnids and horseshoe crabs—came from four species living on the paleocontinent of Laurussia. In a discovery that expands our understanding of the geographical distribution of mixopterids, paleontologist Bo Wang and others have identified fossilized remains of a new mixopterid species, Terropterus xiushanensis, that lived over 400 million years ago on the paleocontinent of Gondwana. According to the text, why was Wang and his team’s discovery of the Terropterus xiushanensis fossil significant?

D) The fossil constitutes the first evidence found by scientists that mixopterids existed outside the paleocontinent of Laurussia.

A) The fossil constitutes the first evidence found by scientists that mixopterids lived more than 400 million years ago.

B) The fossil helps establish that mixopterids are more closely related to modern arachnids and horseshoe crabs than previously thought.

C) The fossil helps establish a more accurate timeline of the evolution of mixopterids on the paleocontinents of Laurussia and Gondwana.

The novelist Toni Morrison was the first Black woman to work as an editor at the publishing company Random House, from 1967 to 1983. A scholar asserts that one of Morrison’s likely aims during her time as an editor was to strengthen the presence of Black writers on the list of Random House’s published authors. Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the scholar’s claim?

A) The percentage of authors published by Random House who were Black rose in the early 1970s and stabilized throughout the decade.

B) Black authors who were interviewed in the 1980s and 1990s were highly likely to cite Toni Morrison’s novels as a principal influence on their work.

C) The novels written by Toni Morrison that were published after 1983 sold significantly more copies and received wider critical acclaim than the novels she wrote that were published before 1983.

D) Works that were edited by Toni Morrison during her time at Random House displayed stylistic characteristics that distinguished them from works that were not edited by Morrison.

“The Poet Walt Whitman” is an 1887 essay by José Martí, a Cuban author and political activist, originally written in Spanish. In the essay, Martí explores the value of literature, arguing that a society’s spiritual well-being depends on the character of its literary culture: ______ Which quotation from a translation of “The Poet Walt Whitman” most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) “Poetry, which brings together or separates, which fortifies or brings anguish, which shores up or demolishes souls, which gives or robs men of faith and vigor, is more necessary to a people than industry itself, for industry provides them with a means of subsistence, while literature gives them the desire and strength for life.”

B) “Every society brings to literature its own form of expression, and the history of the nations can be told with greater truth by the stages of literature than by chronicles and decades.”

C) “Where will a race of men go when they have lost the habit of thinking with faith about the scope and meaning of their actions? The best among them, those who consecrate Nature with their sacred desire for the future, will lose, in a sordid and painful annihilation, all stimulus to alleviate the ugliness of humanity.”

D) “Listen to the song of this hardworking and satisfied nation; listen to Walt Whitman. The exercise of himself exalts him to majesty, tolerance exalts him to justice, and order to joy.”

The largest tyrannosaurids—the family of carnivorous dinosaurs that includes Tarbosaurus, Albertosaurus, and, most famously, Tyrannosaurus rex—are thought to have had the strongest bites of any land animals in Earth’s history. Determining the bite force of extinct animals can be difficult, however, and paleontologists Paul Barrett and Emily Rayfield have suggested that an estimate of dinosaur bite force may be significantly influenced by the methodology used in generating that estimate. Which choice best describes data from the table that support Barrett and Rayfield’s suggestion?

C) The bite force estimates produced by Bates and Falkingham and by Cost et al. were similar to each other, while the estimates produced by Meers and by Gignac and Erickson each differed substantially from any other estimate.

A) The study by Meers used body-mass scaling and produced the lowest estimated maximum bite force, while the study by Cost et al. used muscular and skeletal modeling and produced the highest estimated maximum.

B) In their study, Gignac and Erickson used tooth-bone interaction analysis to produce an estimated bite force range with a minimum of 8,000 newtons and a maximum of 34,000 newtons.

D) The estimated maximum bite force produced by Cost et al. exceeded the estimated maximum produced by Bates and Falkingham, even though both groups of researchers used the same method to generate their estimates.

Studying tools unearthed at a cave site on the western coast of Italy, archaeologist Paola Villa and colleagues have determined that prehistoric Neanderthal groups fashioned them from shells of clams that they harvested from the seafloor while wading or diving or that washed up on the beach. Clamshells become thin and eroded as they wash up on the beach, while those on the seafloor are smooth and sturdy, so the research team suspects that Neanderthals prized the tools made with seafloor shells. However, the team also concluded that those tools were likely more challenging to obtain, noting that ______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to support the research team’s conclusion?

A) at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests that shells were easier to collect from the beach than to harvest from the seafloor.

B) the highest number of tools were at a depth of 3–4 meters below the surface, which suggests that the Neanderthal population at the site was highest during the related period of time.

C) at each depth below the surface in the cave, the difference in the numbers of tools of each type suggests that Neanderthals preferred to use clamshells from the beach because of their durability.

D) the higher number of tools at depths of 5–6 meters below the surface in the cave than at depths of 4–5 meters below the surface suggests that the size of clam populations changed over time.

When hibernating, Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels enter a state called torpor, which minimizes the energy their bodies need to function. Often a hibernating animal will temporarily come out of torpor (called an arousal episode) and its metabolic rate will rise, burning more of the precious energy the animal needs to survive the winter. Alaska marmots hibernate in groups and therefore burn less energy keeping warm during these episodes than they would if they were alone. A researcher hypothesized that because Arctic ground squirrels hibernate alone, they would likely exhibit longer bouts of torpor and shorter arousal episodes than Alaska marmots. Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researcher’s hypothesis?

C) The Alaska marmots had shorter torpor bouts and longer arousal episodes than the Arctic ground squirrels did.

A) The Alaska marmots’ arousal episodes lasted for days, while the Arctic ground squirrels’ arousal episodes lasted less than a day.

B) The Alaska marmots and the Arctic ground squirrels both maintained torpor for several consecutive days per bout, on average.

D) The Alaska marmots had more torpor bouts than arousal episodes, but their arousal episodes were much shorter than their torpor bouts.

Ratified by more than 90 countries, the Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement ensuring that Indigenous communities are compensated when their agricultural resources and knowledge of wild plants and animals are utilized by agricultural corporations. However, the protocol has shortcomings. For example, it allows corporations to insist that their agreements with communities to conduct research on the commercial uses of the communities’ resources and knowledge remain confidential. Therefore, some Indigenous advocates express concern that the protocol may have the unintended effect of ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

C) preventing independent observers from determining whether the agreements guarantee equitable compensation for Indigenous communities.

A) diminishing the monetary reward that corporations might derive from their agreements with Indigenous communities.

B) limiting the research that corporations conduct on the resources of the Indigenous communities with which they have signed agreements.

D) discouraging Indigenous communities from learning new methods for harvesting plants and animals from their corporate partners.

The domestic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) descends from a wild plant native to South America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands, where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over the thousands of miles of ocean separating them from South America. To explain how the sweet potato was first introduced in Polynesia, botanist Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez and colleagues analyzed the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant, concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from South American ones over 100,000 years ago. Given that Polynesia was peopled only in the last three thousand years, the team concluded that ______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

C) human activity likely played no role in the introduction of the sweet potato in Polynesia.

A) the cultivation of the sweet potato in Polynesia likely predates its cultivation in South America.

B) Polynesian peoples likely acquired the sweet potato from South American peoples only within the last three thousand years.

D) Polynesian sweet potato varieties likely descend from a single South American variety that was domesticated, not wild.

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1st - 3rd Grade