Chile’s Atacama Desert is one of the driest places on Earth. Mary Beth Wilhelm and other astrobiologists search for life, or its remains, in this harsh place because the desert closely mirrors the extreme environment on Mars. The algae and bacteria found in Atacama’s driest regions may offer clues about Martian life. By studying how these and other microorganisms survive such extreme conditions on Earth, Wilhelm’s team hopes to determine whether similar life might have existed on Mars and to develop the best tools to look for evidence of it. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

C) To indicate why astrobiologists choose to conduct research in the Atacama Desert

A) To contrast the conditions in the Atacama Desert with those on Mars

B) To explain why many life-forms cannot survive in the Atacama Desert

D) To describe certain limitations to conducting scientific study in the Atacama Desert

More than 60% of journeys in Mexico City occur via public transit, but simply reproducing a feature of the city’s transit system—e.g., its low fares—is unlikely to induce a significant increase in another city’s transit ridership. As Erick Guerra et al. have shown, transportation mode choice in urban areas of Mexico is the product of a complex mix of factors, including population density, the spatial distribution of jobs, and demographic characteristics of individuals. System features do affect ridership, of course, but there is an irreducibly contextual dimension of transportation mode choice. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

B) It explains why it is challenging to influence transit ridership solely by altering characteristics of a transit system.

A) It presents an objection to the argument of Guerra et al. about transportation mode choice in urban areas of Mexico.

C) It illustrates the claim that a characteristic associated with high transit ridership in Mexico City is not associated with high transit ridership elsewhere.

D) It substantiates the assertion that population density, the spatial distribution of jobs, and demographic characteristics are important factors in transportation mode choice.

Changes to vegetation cover and other human activities influence carbon and nitrogen levels in soil, though how deep these effects extend is unclear. Hypothesizing that differences in land use lead to differences in carbon and nitrogen levels that are not restricted to the topsoil layer (0–30 cm deep), Chukwuebuka Okolo and colleagues sampled soils across multiple land-use types (e.g., grazing land, cropland, forest) within each of several Ethiopian locations. They found, though, that across land-use types, carbon and nitrogen decreased to comparably low levels beyond depths of 30 cm. Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

B) It introduces an unresolved scientific question, presents a research team’s hypothesis pertaining to that question, and then describes an observation made by the team that conflicts with that hypothesis.

A) It describes a phenomenon that scientists do not fully understand, explains a research team’s hypothesis about that phenomenon, and then describes a finding that led the team to refine the hypothesis.

C) It discusses a process that scientists are somewhat unclear about, introduces competing hypotheses about that process, and then explains how a research team concluded that one of those hypotheses is likely correct.

D) It explains a hypothesis that has been the subject of scientific debate, discusses how a research team tested that hypothesis, and then presents data the team collected that validate the hypothesis.

Recently, scientists looked at data collected by NASA’s InSight lander to learn more about seismic activity on Mars, known as marsquakes. The data show that the marsquakes all started from the same location on the planet. This discovery was surprising to scientists, as they expected that the marsquakes would originate from all over the planet because of the cooling of the planet’s surface. Now, scientists believe that there could be areas of active magma flows deep beneath the planet’s surface that trigger the marsquakes. According to the text, what was surprising to scientists studying the seismic activity data from NASA’s InSight lander?

D) All the marsquakes started from the same location on the planet.

A) The surface temperature of Mars has been rising.

B) There were different types of seismic waves causing marsquakes.

C) NASA’s InSight lander collected less data than scientists had expected.

The ancient writing system used in the Maya kingdoms of southern Mexico and Central America had a symbol for the number zero. The earliest known example of the symbol dates to more than 2,000 years ago. At that time, almost none of the writing systems elsewhere in the world possessed a zero symbol. And the use of zero in Mexico and Central America may be even more ancient. Some historians suggest that Maya mathematicians inherited it from the Olmec civilization, which flourished in the region 2,400–3,600 years ago. According to the text, what do some historians suggest about Maya civilization?

A) Maya civilization acquired the use of zero from the Olmec civilization.

B) Maya civilization respected its historians more than it respected its mathematicians.

C) Maya civilization was highly secretive about its intellectual achievements.

D) Maya civilization tried to introduce its writing system to other civilizations.

“The Bet” is an 1889 short story by Anton Chekhov. In the story, a banker is described as being very upset about something: _______ Which quotation from “The Bet” most effectively illustrates the claim?

D) “When [the banker] got home he lay on his bed, but his tears and emotion kept him for hours from sleeping.”

A) “Then the banker cautiously broke the seals off the door and put the key in the keyhole.”

B) “It struck three o’clock, the banker listened; everyone was asleep in the house and nothing could be heard outside but the rustling of the chilled trees.”

C) “The banker, spoilt and frivolous, with millions beyond his reckoning, was delighted at the bet.”

The passage of time is among the many obstacles faced by scientists who are pursuing de-extinction efforts—that is, efforts to use breeding or a mixture of cloning and genetic engineering to bring back extinct species. Specifically, researchers are concerned that the longer a species has been extinct, the less likely it is that a suitable habitat still exists for that species. Among candidate species for de-extinction, this problem would be especially concerning for the _______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

B) saber-toothed cat (Smilodon), which became extinct 11,000 years ago.

A) passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), which became extinct only a few years after the huia (Heteralocha acutirostris).

C) woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), which became extinct several thousand years before the saber-toothed cat (Smilodon).

D) Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis), which became extinct in 1952.

“The Yellow Wallpaper” is an 1892 short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, the narrator expresses mixed feelings about her surroundings: _______ Which quotation from “The Yellow Wallpaper” most effectively illustrates the claim?

C) “I’m really getting quite fond of the big room, all but that horrid [wall]paper.”

A) “This wallpaper has a kind of sub-pattern in a different shade, a particularly irritating one, for you can only see it in certain lights, and not clearly then.”

B) “By moonlight—the moon shines in all night when there is a moon—I wouldn’t know it was the same paper.”

D) “The color is repellant, almost revolting; a smouldering, unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight.”

The population of the coral Lophelia pertusa declined significantly around 9,000 years ago in the Alboran Sea and around 11,000 years ago near the Mauritanian coast. Using the ratio of manganese to calcium, which inversely correlates with ocean oxygenation levels, marine scientist Rodrigo da Costa Portilho-Ramos and colleagues evaluated whether oxygenation played a role in the declines of L. pertusa. The researchers concluded that oxygenation may have been important in the Alboran Sea but not near the Mauritanian coast, since _______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

B) L. pertusa declined in the Alboran Sea during a period of substantial local decline in oxygenation, but L. pertusa declined near the Mauritanian coast during a period of little local change in oxygenation.

A) a substantial increase in oxygenation in the Alboran Sea corresponded with the local decline in L. pertusa, but the opposite relationship between oxygenation and L. pertusa was found near the Mauritanian coast.

C) oxygenation in the Alboran Sea was higher before the decline in L. pertusa than after the decline, whereas oxygenation near the Mauritanian coast was relatively low both before and after the decline in L. pertusa.

D) oxygenation in the Alboran Sea tended to be substantially higher than oxygenation near the Mauritanian coast during the period studied.

The Younger Dryas was a period of extreme cooling from 11,700 to 12,900 years ago in the Northern Hemisphere. Some scientists argue that a comet fragment hitting Earth brought about the cooling. Others disagree, partly because there is no known crater from such an impact that dates to the beginning of the period. In 2015, a team led by Kurt Kjær detected a 19-mile-wide crater beneath a glacier in Greenland. The scientists who believe an impact caused the Younger Dryas claim that this discovery supports their view. However, Kjær’s team hasn’t yet been able to determine the age of the crater. Therefore, the team suggests that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) it can’t be concluded that the impact that made the crater was connected to the beginning of the Younger Dryas.

B) it can’t be determined whether a comet fragment could make a crater as large as 19 miles wide.

C) scientists have ignored the possibility that something other than a comet fragment could have made the crater

D) the scientists who believe an impact caused the Younger Dryas have made incorrect assumptions about when the period began.

In 2016 biological anthropologist Heather F. Smith and her team investigated the evolution of the appendix, an intestinal organ that is present in some mammals, including humans, but is generally thought to have no function. Studying 533 mammal species, the team found that the appendix has emerged independently across multiple lineages in separate instances and, significantly, hasn’t disappeared after emerging in specific lineages. Moreover, the team determined that species with the organ tend to have higher concentrations of lymphoid tissue, which supports immune responses, in the cecum, the organ the appendix is attached to. Therefore, the team hypothesized that the appendix likely _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

B) has been preserved in certain mammal species because it benefits their immune systems.

A) was once present in many nonmammal species but has since disappeared from those lineages.

C) will emerge in a greater number of mammal species because it may serve a necessary function in the immune system.

D) produced higher concentrations of lymphoid tissue in mammals in the past than it does currently.

Some ethicists hold that the moral goodness of an individual’s actions depends solely on whether the actions themselves are good, irrespective of the context in which they are carried out. Philosopher L. Sebastian Purcell has shown that surviving works of Aztec (Nahua) philosophy express a very different view. Purcell reveals that these works posit an ethical system in which an individual’s actions are judged in light of how well they accord with the individual’s role in society and how well they contribute to the community. To the extent that these works are representative of Aztec thought, Purcell’s analysis suggests that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the Aztecs would have disputed the idea that the morality of an individual’s actions can be assessed by appealing to standards of behavior that are independent of the individual’s social circumstances.

B) the Aztecs would not have accepted the notion that the morality of an individual’s actions can be fairly evaluated by people who do not live in the same society as that individual.

C) actions by members of Aztec society who contributed a great deal to their community could be judged as morally good even if those actions were inconsistent with behaviors the Aztecs regarded as good in all contexts.

D) similar actions performed by people in different social roles in Aztec society would have been regarded as morally equivalent unless those actions led to different outcomes for the community.

What makes the theremin a unique musical instrument? You play it without touching it. When you place your _______ the pitch will shift as your hands move through the air. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

B) hands between the two antennas,

A) hand’s between the two antenna’s,

C) hands’ between the two antennas’,

D) hands’ between the two antennas,

In 1986, conceptual artist Sophie Calle asked twenty-three people, all of whom had been born without sight, to describe “their image of beauty” in rich detail. Calle paired excerpts of these conversations with photographs—both of interviewees and the items they _______ to powerful effect in her exhibition The Blind. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

B) described, from hair to grass to sculptures—

A) described, from hair to grass to sculptures

C) described—from hair to grass to sculptures,

D) described: from hair to grass to sculptures

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In 1859, the novel Adam Bede was published in England. • According to the novel’s title page, the author’s name was George Eliot. • George Eliot was widely assumed to be a pseudonym. • A pseudonym is a fake name used to conceal an author’s identity. • A woman named Mary Ann Evans later revealed herself as the novel’s real author. The student wants to identify the real author of Adam Bede. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The real author of Adam Bede was Mary Ann Evans, who published the novel using the pseudonym George Eliot.

B) George Eliot, which Adam Bede’s title page indicated was the name of the novel’s author, was widely assumed to be a pseudonym.

C) The title page of the novel Adam Bede indicated that the author’s name was George Eliot.

D) A woman who had used a pseudonym to conceal her identity later revealed herself as the real author of Adam Bede.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Scientists have developed a “freeze-thaw” battery that can retain 92% of its charge after twelve weeks. • The battery contains molten salt (a type of salt that liquifies when heated and solidifies at room temperature). • When the salt is in a liquid state, energy flows through the battery. • When the salt is in a solid state, energy stops flowing and is stored in the battery. • The stored (frozen) energy can be used by reheating (thawing) the battery. The student wants to specify how the salt enables energy storage. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

C) When the molten salt in a freeze-thaw battery solidifies at room temperature, energy stops flowing and can be stored in the battery.

A) Scientists have developed a freeze-thaw battery that contains molten salt, which liquifies when heated and solidifies at room temperature.

B) The stored energy in a freeze-thaw battery, which contains molten salt, can be used by reheating the battery.

D) Molten salt allows a freeze-thaw battery to retain 92% of its charge after twelve weeks.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) keeps a list of all at-risk species. • Species on the list are classified as either endangered or threatened. • A species that is in danger of extinction throughout most or all of its range is classified as endangered. • A species that is likely to soon become endangered is classified as threatened. • The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is likely to soon become endangered, according to the FWS. The student wants to indicate the California red-legged frog’s FWS classification category. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

D) Likely to soon become endangered, the California red-legged frog is classified as threatened by the FWS.

A) Species on the FWS list, which includes the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii), are classified as either endangered or threatened.

B) The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) appears on the FWS list of at-risk species.

C) According to the FWS, the California red-legged frog is in the endangered category, in danger of extinction throughout most or all of its range.

The following text is adapted from Jerome K. Jerome’s 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator is traveling by boat with Harris and another friend. [Harris] told us anecdotes of how he had gone across the [English] Channel when it was so rough that the passengers had to be tied into their [beds], and he and the captain were the only two living souls on board who were not ill. Sometimes it was he and the second mate who were not ill; but it was generally he and one other man. If not he and another man, then it was he by himself. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

C) It emphasizes that Harris always boasts about his own constitution when speaking of a previous boat trip.

A) It indicates the reason for Harris’s eagerness to resume traveling.

B) It hints at Harris’s feeling that during an earlier boat trip, others didn’t include him in activities.

D) It reveals that although Harris claims to prefer solitary activities when traveling, he actually enjoys having company.

Several studies have found negligible electoral consequences for governments that impose fiscal austerity measures, yet some European governments recently suffered electorally due to their austerity programs. Evelyne Huebscher and colleagues attribute this incongruity to governments’ tendency—not followed in the recent European cases—to implement austerity programs strategically to avoid electoral costs (e.g., setting spending cuts to take effect only after the next election), which has obscured the inherent political risks of austerity measures in the election data scholars have examined. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

B) It identifies a conflict between research findings and recent events that the text goes on to suggest is a consequence of a complicating factor in the data used to generate those findings.

A) It explains a discrepancy between what has been observed in study settings and what has been observed in real-world settings that the text goes on to assert is attributable to the studies not using real-world data.

C) It presents a long-standing divergence in research findings that the text goes on to say is due to different groups of researchers using data that derive from different electoral circumstances.

D) It describes a recent exception to a general pattern in research findings that the text goes on to explain is a result of researchers underestimating the significance of inconsistencies in the data they’ve analyzed.

Text 1 Graphic novels are increasingly popular in bookstores and libraries, but they shouldn’t be classified as literature. By definition, literature tells a story or conveys meaning through language only; graphic novels tell stories through illustrations and use language only sparingly, in captions and dialogue. Graphic novels are experienced as series of images and not as language, making them more similar to film than to literature. Text 2 Graphic novels present their stories through both language and images. Without captions and dialogue, readers would be unable to understand what is depicted in the illustrations: the story results from the interaction of text and image. Moreover, Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home and many other graphic novels feature text that is as beautifully written as the prose found in many standard novels. Therefore, graphic novels qualify as literary texts. Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the overall argument presented in Text 1?

A) By asserting that language plays a more important role in graphic novels than the author of Text 1 recognizes

B) By acknowledging that the author of Text 1 has identified a flaw that is common to all graphic novels

C) By suggesting that the story lines of certain graphic novels are more difficult to understand than the author of Text 1 claims

D) By agreeing with the author of Text 1 that most graphic novels aren’t as well crafted as most literary works are

The following text is adapted from Ann Petry’s 1946 novel The Street. Lutie lives in an apartment in Harlem, New York. The glow from the sunset was making the street radiant. The street is nice in this light, [Lutie] thought. It was swarming with children who were playing ball and darting back and forth across the sidewalk in complicated games of tag. Girls were skipping double dutch rope, going tirelessly through the exact center of a pair of ropes, jumping first on one foot and then the other. ©1946 by Ann Petry Which choice best describes what is happening in the text?

A) Lutie is observing the appearance of the street at a particular time of day and the events occurring on it.

B) Lutie is annoyed by the noise of children playing games on her street.

C) Lutie is puzzled by the rules of certain children’s games.

D) Lutie is spending time alone in her apartment because she doesn’t want to interact with her neighbors.

Since its completion in 2014, Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest)—a pair of residential towers in Milan, Italy, covered by vegetation—has become a striking symbol of environmental sustainability in architecture. Stefano Boeri intended his design, which features balconies that are home to hundreds of trees, to serve as a model for promoting urban biodiversity. However, the concept has faced skepticism: critics note that although the trees used in Bosco Verticale were specifically cultivated for the project, it’s too early to tell if they can thrive in this unusual setting. According to the text, why are some critics skeptical of the concept behind Bosco Verticale?

D) It is unclear whether Bosco Verticale can support the plant life included in its design.

A) Some essential aspects of Bosco Verticale’s design are difficult to adapt to locations other than Milan.

B) The plant life on Bosco Verticale ended up being less varied than Boeri had envisioned it would be.

C) The construction of Bosco Verticale was no less environmentally damaging than the construction of more conventional buildings is.

Many literary theorists distinguish between fabula, a narrative’s content, and syuzhet, a narrative’s arrangement and presentation of events. In the film The Godfather Part II, the fabula is the story of the Corleone family, and the syuzhet is the presentation of the story as it alternates between two timelines in 1901 and 1958. But literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin maintained that fabula and syuzhet are insufficient to completely describe a narrative—he held that systematic categorizations of artistic phenomena discount the subtle way in which meaning is created by interactions between the artist, the work, and the audience. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin argued that there are important characteristics of narratives that are not fully encompassed by two concepts that other theorists have used to analyze narratives.

B) Literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin claimed that meaning is not inherent in a narrative but is created when an audience encounters a narrative so that narratives are interpreted differently by different people.

C) The storytelling methods used in The Godfather Part II may seem unusually complicated, but they can be easily understood when two concepts from literary theory are utilized.

D) Narratives that are told out of chronological order are more difficult for audiences to understand than are narratives presented chronologically.

A student is researching the trends in the topics submitted to a national science fair for high school students. The graph shows the number of submissions by topic that were made each year. Based on the data in the graph, the student claims that there were more medicine and health research topics submitted in 2019 than in any other year. Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to support the underlined claim?

D) The highest number of medicine and health topic submissions during the period shown is approximately 285 in 2019.

A) In 2016, the number of cellular and molecular biology topic submissions was the same as the number of animal science topic submissions.

B) In 2019, there were more physics and space science topic submissions than there were medicine and health topic submissions.

C) The lowest number of animal science topic submissions in a year was approximately 95 in 2016.

Fish whose DNA has been modified to include genetic material from other species are known as transgenic. Some transgenic fish have genes from jellyfish that result in fluorescence (that is, they glow in the dark). Although these fish were initially engineered for research purposes in the 1990s, they were sold as pets in the 2000s and can now be found in the wild in creeks in Brazil. A student in a biology seminar who is writing a paper on these fish asserts that their escape from Brazilian fish farms into the wild may have significant negative long-term ecological effects. Which quotation from a researcher would best support the student’s assertion?

D) “Through interbreeding, transgenic fish might introduce the trait of fluorescence into wild fish populations, making those populations more vulnerable to predators.”

A) “In one site in the wild where transgenic fish were observed, females outnumbered males, while in another the numbers of females and males were equivalent.”

B) “Though some presence of transgenic fish in the wild has been recorded, there are insufficient studies of the impact of those fish on the ecosystems into which they are introduced.”

C) “The ecosystems into which transgenic fish are known to have been introduced may represent a subset of the ecosystems into which the fish have actually been introduced.”

Inés Ibáñez and colleagues studied a forest site in which some sugar maple trees receive periodic fertilization with nitrogen to mimic the broader trend of increasing anthropogenic nitrogen deposition in soil. Ibáñez and colleagues modeled the radial growth of the trees with and without nitrogen fertilization under three different climate scenarios (the current climate, moderate change, and extreme change). Although they found that climate change would negatively affect growth, they concluded that anthropogenic nitrogen deposition could more than offset that effect provided that change is moderate rather than extreme. Which choice best describes data from the graph that support Ibáñez and colleagues’ conclusion?

D) Growth with nitrogen under moderate change exceeded growth without nitrogen under the current climate, but the latter exceeded growth with nitrogen under extreme change.

A) Growth with nitrogen under the current climate exceeded growth with nitrogen under moderate change, but the latter exceeded growth without nitrogen under extreme change.

B) Growth without nitrogen under the current climate exceeded growth without nitrogen under moderate change, but the latter exceeded growth with nitrogen under extreme change.

C) Growth with nitrogen under moderate change exceeded growth without nitrogen under moderate change, but the latter exceeded growth without nitrogen under extreme change.

“Poetry” is a 1919 poem by Marianne Moore. The poem highlights an ambivalence toward poetry as the speaker acknowledges its merits while also expressing a sense of displeasure, writing _______ Which quotation from “Poetry” most effectively illustrates the claim?

D) “Reading [poetry], however, with a perfect contempt for it, one discovers that there is in / it after all, a place for the genuine.”

A) “nor is it valid / to discriminate against ‘business documents and / school-books’; all these phenomena are important.”

B) “One must make a distinction / however: when dragged into prominence by half poets, the result is not / poetry”

C) “when [poems] become so derivative as to become unintelligible, the / same thing may be said for all of us—that we / do not admire what / we cannot understand.”

Some climate models for the western United States predict that while total annual precipitation may remain unchanged from the present level, precipitation will become concentrated into fewer but more intense rain and snow events. University of Texas climate scientist Geeta Persad and her colleagues simulated how the amount of water entering aquifers and the amount being used for irrigation purposes would change if this were to occur. Persad and her colleagues concluded that concentration of precipitation into fewer events would result in a higher number of dry days, triggering more irrigation, but that this change in irrigation output is highly sensitive to the baseline concentration of precipitation that currently exists in an area. Which choice best describes data from the table that support Persad and her colleagues’ conclusion?

B) If baseline precipitation is somewhat concentrated, water use for irrigation will increase only slightly, whereas it will increase 9.0% for surface water and 7.9% for groundwater if baseline precipitation is evenly distributed.

A) If baseline precipitation is somewhat concentrated, the amount of water being used for irrigation will increase 0.4% for surface water and 0.9% for groundwater, whereas the amount of water entering aquifers will increase 11.0% if baseline precipitation is evenly distributed.

C) If baseline precipitation is somewhat concentrated, the amount of water entering aquifers will increase 4.9%, while the amount being used for irrigation will increase 0.4% for surface water and 0.9% for groundwater.

D) If baseline precipitation is somewhat concentrated, water use for irrigation will decline by a small amount, whereas it will increase 11.0% for surface water and 9.0% for groundwater if baseline precipitation is evenly distributed.

In dialects of English spoken in Scotland, the “r” sound is strongly emphasized when it appears at the end of syllables (as in “car”) or before other consonant sounds (as in “bird”). English dialects of the Upland South, a region stretching from Oklahoma to western Virginia, place similar emphasis on “r” at the ends of syllables and before other consonant sounds. Historical records show that the Upland South was colonized largely by people whose ancestors came from Scotland. Thus, linguists have concluded that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the English dialects spoken in the Upland South acquired their emphasis on the “r” sound from dialects spoken in Scotland.

B) emphasis on the “r” sound will eventually spread from English dialects spoken in the Upland South to dialects spoken elsewhere.

C) the English dialects spoken in Scotland were influenced by dialects spoken in the Upland South.

D) people from Scotland abandoned their emphasis on the “r” sound after relocating to the Upland South.

SAT-OG-E-5

Authored by AM Education

English

1st Grade

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

The following text is from the 1913 story “The King’s
Coin” by Emily Pauline Johnson, a Kanienkahagen
(Mohawk) writer also known as Tekahionwake.
Fox-Foot, a young Ojibwe man, is guiding a group of
fur traders who are traveling by canoe and suspects
that they are being followed.
At supper time, Fox-Foot would allow no fire to
be built, no landing to be made, no trace of their
passing to be left. They ate canned meat and
marmalade, drank again of the stream and
pushed on, until just at dusk they reached the
edge of a long, still lake, with shores of granite
and dense fir forest.
As used in the text, what does the word “trace” most
nearly mean?

A) Evidence

B) Blemish

C) Amount

D) Sketch

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Many ancient sculptures of people’s heads are
missing their noses. This is because the nose is the
most _______ part of a sculpture of a person’s head.
It is delicate and sticks out from the rest of the
sculpture, making it especially easy to break.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

A) recognizable

B) fragile

C) common

D) sophisticated

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

K.D. Leka and colleagues found that the Sun’s
corona provides an advance indication of solar
flares—intense eruptions of electromagnetic
radiation that emanate from active regions in
the Sun’s photosphere and can interfere with
telecommunications on Earth. Preceding a flare, the
corona temporarily exhibits increased brightness
above the region where the flare is _______ .
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

A) antecedent

B) impending

C) innocuous

D) perpetual

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

To demonstrate that the integrity of underground
metal pipes can be assessed without unearthing the
pipes, engineer Aroba Saleem and colleagues
_______ the tendency of some metals’ internal
magnetic fields to alter under stress: the team showed
that such alterations can be measured from a
distance and can reveal concentrations of stress in
the pipes.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

A) hypothesized

B) discounted

C) redefined

D) exploited

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Despite the generalizations about human behavior
they have produced, many studies of behavioral
psychology have used highly unrepresentative subject
pools: students at the colleges and universities where
the researchers are employed. To _______ this
situation, it is necessary to actively recruit subjects
from diverse backgrounds and locations.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?

A) sanction

B) ameliorate

C) rationalize

D) postulate

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

The following text is adapted from Jean Webster’s
1912 novel Daddy-Long-Legs. The narrator is a young
college student writing letters detailing her weekly
experiences.
[The college is] organizing the Freshman
basket-ball team and there’s just a chance that I
shall make it. I’m little of course, but terribly
quick and wiry and tough. While the others are
hopping about in the air, I can dodge under their
feet and grab the ball.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
text?

A) To compare basketball with other sports

B) To provide details of how to play basketball

C) To state how players will be chosen for the

basketball team

D) To explain why the narrator thinks she might

make the basketball team

Tags

CCSS.RL.1.10

CCSS.RL.2.10

CCSS.RL.3.10

CCSS.RL.4.10

CCSS.RL.5.10

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

In the late 1800s, Spanish-language newspapers
flourished in cities across Texas. San Antonio alone
produced eleven newspapers in Spanish between
1890 and 1900. But El Paso surpassed all other
cities in the state. This city produced twenty-two
newspapers in Spanish during that period. El Paso is
located on the border with Mexico and has always
had a large population of Spanish speakers. Thus, it
is unsurprising that this city became such a rich site
for Spanish-language journalism.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the
text?

A) To compare Spanish-language newspapers

published in Texas today with ones published

there during the late 1800s

B) To explain that Spanish-language newspapers

thrived in Texas and especially in El Paso during

the late 1800s

C) To argue that Spanish-language newspapers

published in El Paso influenced the ones

published in San Antonio during the late 1800s

D) To explain why Spanish-language newspapers

published in Texas were so popular in Mexico

during the late 1800s

Tags

CCSS.RL.1.2

CCSS.RI.1.2

CCSS.RL.2.2

CCSS.RI.K.2

CCSS.RI.2.2

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