The concept of transfer Select the option that best illustrates the meaning of the concept “transfer”. Select one alternative:

At school, Anna writes an argumentative essay based on the thesis statement that a vegan diet is good for health. Later that week she manages to convince her parents to give her more pocket money by presenting convincing arguments as to why this would motivate her to do her homework.

During a math lesson at school, Anna practices the 2 times multiplication table. The next math lesson she knows the 2 times multiplication table by heart.

Professor Johnson teaches history at a university. His teaching is mostly based on lectures where he talks most of the time, delivering information while his students sit quietly and listen.

The concept of Legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) Select the option that best describes the meaning of the concept “Legitimate peripheral participation (LPP)”. Select one alternative:

The process by which newcomers engage in a community of practice by initially taking on peripheral roles and gradually becoming more integrated and skilled members of that community.

The process by which individuals join a community of practice without taking on any roles and remain passive observers throughout their involvement.

The process by which newcomers to a community of practice legitimize their lack of knowledge and skills to old-timers.

The concept of Programmed instruction Select the option that best describes the meaning of “programmed instruction.” Select one alternative:

An instructional method that presents learning materials in a structured, step-by-step sequence, allowing learners to progress at their own pace by mastering one step before moving to the next.

An instructional method where a computer program eliminates the need for a human teacher by delivering a standardized set of pre-recorded lectures and assignments to all students in a class to ensure that everyone progresses at the same pace.

An instructional method for strengthening or weakening certain behaviors through the structured provision of rewards or punishments.

The underlying idea of Logo What was the underlying idea of learning that inspired Seymour Papert when developing Logo? Select one alternative:

Learning is an active process that involves construction of knowledge through exploration, problem-solving, and the integration of technology in education.

Learning takes place when the teacher or a computer gives deliberate and explicit instructions in line with the curriculum, such as programming.

For learning to occur, the learner needs to repeatedly practice well-defined and step-by-step units within a knowledge domain provided by learning machines.

The digital divide conceptual model To overcome social inequity, Ritzhaupt et al. (2020) present a conceptual model, the Digital Divide through formal education, including three levels. What level do they suggest has the greatest impact in bridging the digital gap in a sustainable way? Select one alternative:

Empower individual students to be creative with different ICT resources (level 3)

Students’ and teachers’ use of technology (Level 2)

Implement efficient school infrastructure and access to hardware, software & Internet (Level 1)

The digital divide - definition How do Ritzhaupt et al. (2020) define the term "the Digital Divide"? Select one alternative:

The Digital Divide is a social inequity due to disparate quantity and/or quality of students’ access, use, and creation of original artifacts with information and communication technology (ICT) resources.

The Digital Divide refers to the unequal distribution of Wi-Fi signals in urban and rural areas, leading to a lack of internet connectivity for some students and a surplus for others, causing a social imbalance.

The Digital Divide is a generational gap arising from the varying degrees of comfort and proficiency with technology among students of different age groups, leading to social disparities in the use of digital tools and resources.

App design Watch the video clip of a typical literacy application for younger children. No sound available. The user points with index finger on the tablet. The panda sounds the letter. Wrong answer - she repeats the sound. What learning perspective do you think underpins the design of the app? Motivate your answer with the support of the course literature. (300 words) Fill in your answer here

The design of the literacy app for younger children is underpinned by the behaviorist learning perspective , as evidenced by the features observed in the video clip. According to Ertmer and Newby (2013), behaviorism emphasizes learning through external stimuli, reinforcement, and repetition, which are all present in the app's functionality.

Behaviorist Features in the App Design Stimulus and Response: The app provides immediate feedback to the user's actions. When the user touches the screen to select an answer, the app responds by repeating the sound of the letter, serving as both a stimulus and reinforcement. This aligns with Skinner’s concept of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by its consequences.

Behaviorist Features in the App Design Repetition for Mastery: The app repeats the sound after a wrong answer, encouraging the child to try again until they achieve the correct response. This reflects behaviorism’s emphasis on practice and reinforcement to strengthen learning.

Behaviorist Features in the App Design Reinforcement through Feedback: Although the video lacks sound, it is implied that auditory feedback plays a central role. Positive feedback, such as the panda sounding the letter correctly, reinforces the correct behavior. Negative feedback, through repetition of the incorrect sound, aims to correct the user’s mistakes.

Support from Course Literature Ertmer and Newby (2013) argue that behaviorist approaches are particularly effective for teaching foundational skills, such as literacy, where repetition and immediate feedback help solidify learning. Similarly, Skinner (1968) highlighted the use of teaching machines, which share similarities with this app in their reliance on stimulus-response mechanisms.

The behaviorist perspective From a behaviorist perspective , what is the primary focus when explaining the process of learning? Select the correct alternatives. This question generates two or zero points. To receive two points you must select all the correct alternatives. If you fail to select one or more alternatives that are correct or select one or more alternatives that are incorrect, you will receive zero points. Select one or more alternatives

The formation, strengthening, and adjustment of associations between ideas and responses.

The importance of external stimuli, reinforcement, and observable behaviors in learning.

The significance of self-regulation and metacognition in educational settings.

The importance of internal mental processes and problem-solving strategies.

The influence of social interaction, context, and cultural tools on cognitive development.

Research paradigms and models of instruction Based on the paper by Koschmann (1996), pair each research paradigm with a model of instruction . CAI:

Programmed instruction/instructional design

One-on-one tutorial/interactive

Research paradigms and models of instruction Based on the paper by Koschmann (1996), pair each research paradigm with a model of instruction. Logo-as-latin:

One-on-one tutorial/interactive

Programmed instruction/instructional design

Question 5Research paradigms and models of instruction Based on the paper by Koschmann (1996), pair each research paradigm with a model of instruction. ITS:

One-on-one tutorial/interactive

Programmed instruction/instructional design

Research paradigms and models of instruction Based on the paper by Koschmann (1996), pair each research paradigm with a model of instruction. CSCL:

One-on-one tutorial/interactive

Programmed instruction/instructional design

Skinner Skinner's book "The Technology of Teaching" (1968) outlines his perspective on education and technology. Select the alternative that best reflects Skinner's views on the role of technology in teaching? This question generates one or zero points. To receive one point you must select the correct alternative. If you fail to select the correct alternative you will receive zero points. Select one alternative:

Technology should be used to supplement traditional teaching methods and provide immediate feedback to students.

Technology should be used to reward students for good behavior but not for instruction.

Technology should replace teachers entirely, as it can deliver consistent and efficient instruction.

Technology should be used with caution as it has not been scientifically proven to contribute to effective learning.

Papert Papert's book "Mindstorms" (1980/1983) introduces the concept of constructionism and its application in education. Which of the following statements best reflects the core idea of constructionism as discussed in the book? This question generates one or zero points. To receive one point you must select the correct alternative. If you fail to select the correct alternative you will receive zero points. Select one alternative:

Constructionism advocates for student-centered, hands-on learning where individuals actively construct their knowledge through meaningful projects and experiences

Constructionism promotes rote memorization and passive learning, emphasizing standardized testing

Constructionism is a theory that exclusively applies to the field of computer programming.

Constructionism primarily focuses on teaching students the basics of traditional subjects such as math and science

Lave and Wenger Lave and Wenger introduced the concept of "Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP)" in their book "Situated Learning" (1991). Select the alternative that best describes the meaning of this concept. This question generates one or zero points. To receive one point you must select the correct alternative. If you fail to select the correct alternative you will receive zero points. Select one alternative:

LPP emphasizes that newcomers initially engage in less central activities within a community of practice but gradually become more involved and skilled over time through observation and participation

LPP emphasizes the role of newcomers’ independent learning in the periphery of a community of practice

LPP emphasizes the importance of newcomers being fully engaged in a community of practice from the start.

LPP emphasizes the importance of formal education as the primary means of learning for newcomers

The digital divide In the chapter " The Digital Divide in Formal Educational Settings: The Past, Present, and Future Relevance" Ritzhaupt et al. (2020) discuss the evolution of the digital divide in education. Which of the following statements best captures the central theme of their discussion? This question generates one or zero points. To receive one point you must select the correct alternative. If you fail to select the correct alternative you will receive zero points. Select one alternative:

The authors emphasize the importance of considering not only access but also the nuanced dimensions of digital equity, including skills and meaningful use of technology in educational settings

The authors argue that technology should play a minimal role in formal education in order to eliminate the digital divide altogether

The authors primarily focus on the digital divide as a transient issue that has no long-term relevance in the field of education

The authors argue that the digital divide is solely a matter of access to technology and is not influenced by socio-economic factors

Sustainability Ritzhaupt et al. (2020) and The UN’s Sustainable Development Goal nbr 4, Eduation for All, adress the problem of the digital divide in education. First, state some reasons for the emerged divide, and second, from a global perspective, discuss why it is necessary to bridge the gap in order to achieve social sustainability. (300 words) This question generates zero – three points. To receive three points you must provide at least two reasons and a reflective discussion. Fill in your answer here

Reasons for the Digital Divide Socioeconomic Disparities: Limited financial resources in low-income regions restrict access to technology, internet infrastructure, and digital learning tools. This creates unequal opportunities for learners to engage with modern educational resources.

Reasons for the Digital Divide Geographical Barriers: Rural and remote areas often lack the necessary infrastructure, such as stable internet connectivity and access to digital devices, further widening the divide. In many cases, urban areas receive priority in development, leaving rural communities underserved.

Reasons for the Digital Divide Lack of Digital Literacy: Even when technology is available, insufficient training for educators and students can hinder effective utilization. This is particularly true in regions where schools are underfunded and lack proper support systems.

Reflective Discussion Bridging the digital divide is crucial to achieving social equity and ensuring sustainable development globally. Education plays a pivotal role in empowering individuals to improve their economic prospects, health, and civic participation. Without equal access to digital tools, marginalized groups risk falling further behind, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality.

Reflective Discussion From a global perspective, achieving social sustainability involves fostering inclusive and equitable access to education. Access to digital technologies enables diverse populations to participate in the global knowledge economy, ensuring that no one is left behind. Moreover, addressing the digital divide can strengthen global cooperation by promoting cultural exchange and mutual understanding.

The cognitive perspective From a cognitive perspective , which of the following features are considered important in the process of learning and cognition? Select one or more alternatives. This question generates two or zero points. To receive two points you must select all the correct alternatives. If you fail to select one or more alternatives that are correct or select one or more alternatives that are incorrect, you will receive zero points. Select one or more alternatives

The influence of social interaction, context, and cultural tools on cognitive development.

Skinner Skinner's book "The Technology of Teaching" (1968) outlines his perspective on education and technology. Select the alternative that best reflects Skinner's views on the role of technology in teaching? This question generates one or zero points. To receive one point you must select the correct alternative. If you fail to select the correct alternative you will receive zero points. Select one alternative: Select one alternative:

Technology should be used to supplement traditional teaching methods and provide immediate feedback to students.

Technology should be used to reward students for good behavior but not for instruction.

Technology should be used with caution as it has not been scientifically proven to contribute to effective learning.

Technology should replace teachers entirely, as it can deliver consistent and efficient instruction.

The concept of Programmed instruction Select the option that best describes the meaning of “programmed instruction.” Select one alternative: Select one alternative:

An instructional method that presents learning materials in a structured, step-by-step sequence, allowing learners to progress at their own pace by mastering one step before moving to the next.

An instructional method where a computer program eliminates the need for a human teacher by delivering a standardized set of pre-recorded lectures and assignments to all students in a class to ensure that everyone progresses at the same pace.

An instructional method for strengthening or weakening certain behaviors through the structured provision of rewards or punishments.

Lave and Wenger Lave and Wenger introduced the concept of "Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP)" in their book "Situated Learning" (1991). Select the alternative that best describes the meaning of this concept. This question generates one or zero points. To receive one point you must select the correct alternative. If you fail to select the correct alternative you will receive zero points. Select one alternative: Select one alternative:

LPP emphasizes that newcomers initially engage in less central activities within a community of practice but gradually become more involved and skilled over time through observation and participation.

LPP emphasizes the importance of newcomers being fully engaged in a community of practice from the start.

LPP emphasizes the role of newcomers’ independent learning in the periphery of a community of practice

LPP emphasizes the importance of formal education as the primary means of learning for newcomers.

The underlying idea of Logo What was the underlying idea of learning that inspired Seymour Papert when developing Logo? Select one alternative:

Learning is an active process that involves construction of knowledge through exploration, problem-solving, and the integration of technology in education.

For learning to occur, the learner needs to repeatedly practice well-defined and step-by-step units within a knowledge domain provided by learning machines.

Learning takes place when the teacher or a computer gives deliberate and explicit instructions in line with the curriculum, such as programming.

Papert Papert's book "Mindstorms" (1980/1983) introduces the concept of constructionism and its application in education. Which of the following statements best reflects the core idea of constructionism as discussed in the book? This question generates one or zero points. To receive one point you must select the correct alternative. If you fail to select the correct alternative you will receive zero points. Select one alternative:

Constructionism advocates for student-centered, hands-on learning where individuals actively construct their knowledge through meaningful projects and experiences.

Constructionism promotes rote memorization and passive learning, emphasizing standardized testing.

Constructionism is a theory that exclusively applies to the field of computer programming.

Constructionism primarily focuses on teaching students the basics of traditional subjects such as math and science.

Sustainability Ritzhaupt et al. (2020) and The UN’s Sustainable Development Goal nbr 4, Eduation for All, adress the problem of the digital divide in education. First, state some reasons for the emerged divide, and second, from a global perspective, discuss why it is necessary to bridge the gap in order to achieve social sustainability. (300 words) This question generates zero – three points. To receive three points you must provide at least two reasons and a reflective discussion. Fill in your answer here

Reasons for the Digital Divide Socioeconomic Disparities: Limited financial resources in low-income regions restrict access to technology, internet infrastructure, and digital learning tools. This creates unequal opportunities for learners to engage with modern educational resources.

Reasons for the Digital Divide Geographical Barriers: Rural and remote areas often lack the necessary infrastructure, such as stable internet connectivity and access to digital devices, further widening the divide. In many cases, urban areas receive priority in development, leaving rural communities underserved.

Reasons for the Digital Divide Lack of Digital Literacy: Even when technology is available, insufficient training for educators and students can hinder effective utilization. This is particularly true in regions where schools are underfunded and lack proper support systems.

reflective Bridging the digital divide is crucial to achieving social equity and ensuring sustainable development globally. Education plays a pivotal role in empowering individuals to improve their economic prospects, health, and civic participation. Without equal access to digital tools, marginalized groups risk falling further behind, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality.

reflective From a global perspective, achieving social sustainability involves fostering inclusive and equitable access to education. Access to digital technologies enables diverse populations to participate in the global knowledge economy, ensuring that no one is left behind. Moreover, addressing the digital divide can strengthen global cooperation by promoting cultural exchange and mutual understanding.

What is the underlying model of instruction implicit to the Logo-as-Latin paradigm?

Transmission, programmed instruction/instructional design

One-on-one tutoring, interactive

Match the paradigms with the theories of learning Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI):

Socially oriented theories of learning

Match the paradigms with the theories of learning Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS):

Socially oriented theories of learning

Match the paradigms with the theories of learning Logo-as-Latin

Socially oriented theories of learning

Match the paradigms with the theories of learning Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL)

Socially oriented theories of learning

What is the underlying model of instruction implicit to the ITS paradigm?

one-on-one tutorial, interactive

programmed instruction/instructional design

STELLA'S TRAINING - DISA

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MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

The behaviorist perspective

In their paper, Greeno et al. (1996) present three perspectives on learning: the behaviorist perspective, the cognitive perspective, and the situative perspective. Select one or more alternatives that match the behaviorist perspective as described in this paper. Please note that to receive two points you must select all the correct alternatives. If you fail to select one or more alternatives that are correct or select one or more alternatives that are incorrect, you will receive zero points.

Select one or more alternatives

Learning is a constructive process of acquiring knowledge, conceptual and cognitive growth

Learning is the formation, strengthening, and adjustment of associations of ideas and skills

Learning is a process of interactive participation that involves becoming attuned to constraints and affordances of material, and social practices

Learning takes place most effectively in individualized instruction with opportunities to respond and directly receive feedback

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

The cognitive perspective

In their paper, Greeno et al. (1996) present three perspectives on learning: the behaviorist perspective, the cognitive perspective, and the situative perspective. Select one or more alternatives that match the cognitive perspective as described in this paper. Please note that to receive two points you must select all the correct alternatives. If you fail to select one or more alternatives that are correct or select one or more alternatives that are incorrect, you will receive zero points.

Select one or more alternatives

Transfer is problematic since supportive materials and resources often do not remain the same in the transformation from the learning situation to the transfer situation.

An association learned in connection to one stimulus and response could be applied in a new situation if the new stimuli are similar in all respects.

If the learner understands a solution or principle as an example of a general method or a learning situation, then s/he is likely to use the solution generally.

Transfer of knowledge depends on acquired mental representations in the form of schema that designates invariant structural elements across situations.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

The situative perspective

In their paper, Greeno et al. (1996) present three perspectives on learning: the behaviorist perspective, the cognitive perspective, and the situative perspective. Select one or more alternatives that match the situative perspective as described in this paper. Please note that to receive two points you must select all the correct alternatives. If you fail to select one or more alternatives that are correct or select one or more alternatives that are incorrect, you will receive zero points.

Select one or more alternatives

Engagement in learning is the result of an intrinsic property of the relation between individuals and the organization of information.

Effective learning involves being strongly engaged in activities that capture the learner’s interests because of their intrinsic qualities and participation in communities.

Focus is to figure out ways to foster students’ natural tendencies to learn and understand.

Learning is extrinsically motivated through rewards such as high grades, gold stars, positive comments on tasks, but also through punishment such as low grades, negative comments, removed from classroom.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Design of learning environments

For which of the following perspectives on learning described by Greeno et al (1996) can the following educational design be considered characteristic?

Aim of the teaching activities: to support the students in understanding the principles of sustainable development and the application of sustainable practices within their local community.

Design of the teaching activities: the students are divided into small groups and each group is assigned a specific sustainability challenge to work with as a project. For example, one group may work on reducing waste in the school cafeteria, while another group focuses on improving energy efficiency in school buildings. The students are encouraged to gather information, seek advice, and collaborate with experts in the field. They can interview local business owners, government officials, or environmental organizations to gain a deeper understanding of the issues. The teachers provide scaffolding and resources, such as articles, videos, and iPads for documentation. The scaffolding is just-in-time and responsive to the needs of each group. There are regular workshops including opportunities to discuss progress, share findings, and provide peer feedback. The teachers encourage the students to articulate their ideas and solutions within their group and with the whole class. At the end of the project, each group should present their findings and propose solutions to the rest of the class and relevant community stakeholders.

Select one alternative:

The situative perspective

The cognitive perspective

The behavioristic perspective

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Research paradigms and views of learning

Based on the paper by Koschmann (1996), pair each view of learning with a research paradigm.

Cognitive：

Computer-assisted-instruction (CAI)

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)

Logo-as-latin

Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Research paradigms and views of learning

Based on the paper by Koschmann (1996), pair each view of learning with a research paradigm.

Constructivist：

Computer-assisted-instruction (CAI)

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)

Logo-as-latin

Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Research paradigms and views of learning

Based on the paper by Koschmann (1996), pair each view of learning with a research paradigm.

Behaviorist：

Computer-assisted-instruction (CAI)

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)

Logo-as-latin

Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL)

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STELLA'S TRAINING - DISA

The behaviorist perspective

The cognitive perspective

The situative perspective

Design of learning environments

Research paradigms and views of learning

Research paradigms and views of learning

Research paradigms and views of learning

Research paradigms and views of learning

Research paradigms

Design of research

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