Data and simulations

Which of the following is the hexadecimal representation of the decimal number 231₁₀?

• 17₁₆

• E₄₁₆

• E₇₁₆

• F₄₁₆

Huffman coding assigns unique variable-length codes to input values based on the frequency of occurrence of each value. Frequently occurring values are assigned codes that contain fewer bits than values that occur less frequently, which are assigned codes that contain more bits. Which of the following best describes an appropriate use of Huffman coding?

• Decryption

• Efficient sorting

• Lossless compression

• Lossy compression

Which of the following spreadsheet functions would be most useful for detecting improbably high or low values that have become part of a data set as a result of data entry errors?

• A function that averages numeric values in a column or row

• A function that counts the values in a column or row

• A function that rounds a numeric value

• A function that sorts values in a column or row

A computer simulation is created to simulate the growth of a certain plant species in different conditions. Which of the following actions could be used to validate the model used in the simulation?

• Express the simulation software using both recursive and iterative algorithms. Compare the results of the recursive algorithm to those of the iterative algorithm.

• Perform real-world experiments on the plant species’ growth in different environments. Compare the experimental results to the results provided by the simulation.

• Remove any unnecessary details from the model. Compare the running times of the original simulation and the simplified simulation.

• Run the simulation software on multiple devices. Compare the results obtained from each of the devices.

Consider the following assumptions about electronic storage for the text in all the books of a university's libraries. - The libraries at the university collectively contain 3 million books. - A book contains an average of 400 pages. - A page contains an average of 50 lines. - A line on a page contains an average of 10 words. - A word contains an average of 5 letters/characters. - A letter/character is represented by 1 byte. Based on the given assumptions, which of the following is the unit in which the electronic storage required for the text in all the books of the university’s libraries would best be measured?

• Megabyte ( $2^{20}$ or approximately $10^6$ bytes)

• Gigabyte ( $2^{30}$ or approximately $10^9$ bytes)

• Terabyte ( $2^{40}$ or approximately $10^{12}$ bytes)

• Petabyte ( $2^{50}$ or approximately $10^{15}$ bytes)

Arrange the following file sizes in order from largest to smallest: - Gigabyte - Byte - Kilobyte - Bit - Megabyte

• Gigabyte, Byte, Kilobyte, Bit, Megabyte

• Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte

• Megabyte, Bit, Kilobyte, Byte, Gigabyte

• Gigabyte, Megabyte, Kilobyte, Byte, Bit

What is the binary equivalent to the decimal number 27?

• 10011

• 11011

• 10101

• 01010

What is the decimal equivalent to the hexadecimal number 27?

• 39

• 45

• 1B

• 13

A computer simulation shows the relationship between the amount of rainfall and the amount of grass that grows. How can the model be made more realistic?

• Remove details from the model.

• Compare experimental results with model results.

• Add details to the model using experimental data.

• Use crowdsourcing to fill out forms to get different opinions on the effects of rainfall.

A picture file is represented by a matrix of RGB values for each pixel that creates a representation of the picture. If the picture file is put through an algorithm that averages each RGB value and then uses the number of those averages to make the file size smaller (if a pixel has RGB value of (0, 200, 10), its average would be (70, 70, 70)), this can best be thought of: