Which of the following is a valid argument form in formal logic?

• Affirming the consequent

• Modus Ponens

• Denying the antecedent

• Both A and C

Which of the following is the contrapositive of the statement "If it rains, then I will bring an umbrella"?

• If I do not bring an umbrella, then it does not rain.

• If I do not bring an umbrella, then it rains.

• If it does not rain, then I will not bring an umbrella.

• If I bring an umbrella, then it rains.

Which of the following statements is a valid syllogism?

• All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

• All humans are mortal. Socrates is mortal. Therefore, Socrates is human.
  

• No humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is immortal.

• All humans are mortal. Socrates is not mortal. Therefore, Socrates is not human.

Which of the following is an example of an invalid argument?

• If it rains, the ground will be wet. The ground is wet. Therefore, it rained.

• If I study, I will pass the test. I studied. Therefore, I will pass the test.

• If I wake up early, I will be on time. I woke up early. Therefore, I will be on time.

• If I eat breakfast, I will not be hungry. I ate breakfast. Therefore, I will not be hungry.

What is the logical fallacy in the argument: "Either we pass the test, or we fail. We did not fail. Therefore, we passed"?

• False dilemma

• Hasty generalization

• Affirming the consequent

• Circular reasoning

Which of the following is a valid conclusion from the premises: "All students are tired" and "John is a student"?

• John is not tired.

• John is tired.

• John is a teacher.

• John is not a student.

Which of the following is an example of an inductive argument?

• "The sun has risen every day, so it will rise tomorrow."

• "All dogs are friendly, and Max is a dog, so Max is friendly."

• "If it rains, the ground will get wet. It rained, so the ground is wet."

• "All squares have four sides. This shape has four sides, so it is a square."

Which of the following is an example of a disjunctive syllogism?

• Either I will go to the gym or I will stay home. I will not stay home. Therefore, I will go to the gym.

• Either I will study or I will go to the party. I studied. Therefore, I will go to the party.

• If I go to the party, I will study. I went to the party. Therefore, I studied.

• Either I will sleep in or I will wake up early. I woke up early. Therefore, I will sleep in.

All baseballs are round. Represent this in a Venn Diagram showing the validity.